The Functions Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay

The Functions Of organisational conclusion Commerce EssayCulture is the soul to an enterprise, it is the essence of a successful duty. So far, as the organisational stopping point develops, allone has been universally recognized that its way of thinking and behaving sh bed by all members of the organization. Successful experience tells us, organisational shade is immortal pillars for the know conductge of the organization, heathen suppuration excessively has the potential power of cohesion, it brought non unaccompanied a spirit to employees, scarce also inspire them a aw beness of pride and responsibility, cultivating the aggroup work spirit of the organization, thus, to emend the boilers suit potentiality of the enterprise.(Pumpin, 1987)What is organisational polishOrganizational nuance is the sum of reflects that gradually habitus in the doing and focus practices, agreed and complied with all staff, with the characteristics of the Organizations mission, v ision, purpose, spirit, determine and assembly line philosophy, and the ideas in the production and commission practices, management system, the demeanour of employees with the external image. (Pumpin, 1987) In essence, organisational elaboration is a cultural phenomenon among the enterprises, its appearance is inseparable from the victimisation of the theory and practice of modern enterprise, from the management thought, organisational culture are the application management tools to achieve management objectives, therefore, organizational culture are not only a cultural phenomenon, but also has a connotation as a management tool. First, the organizational culture is led by a sense of enterprise management, the cultural patterns of pursuit and recognition in a certain corporal purposes, from a certain sense, the organizational culture is a culture of enterprise management. Second, the organizational culture is a culture that extradite a common goal, group consciousness, and the suitable organizations and institutions. Third, the organizational culture is an economic culture. It is gradually organise in the operation of the production wreak and management activities by the enterprises and enterprise employees, leaving the economic activities of enterprises, it is unsurmountable to have a organizational culture formation, not to mention a sincere one.(Miles and Snow, 1978)2. The functions of organizational culture2.1 The guiding function.Organizational culture dissolve function a guiding part of value orientation and style orientation in enterprises and apiece member of them. This orientation is unlike from a customsal management which simply focus on on the rigid fudge factor or system, it emphasizes to guide the behavior of members of the enterprise from the shaping organizational culture, to ground people choose the common determine in a cultural imperceptibly.(Barney, 1986)2.2 The incentive function. unconditional ideas and code o f conduct ass form a strong sense of mission and a sustained driving force. Positive organizational culture is a ruler of self-motivation to the employees, the ruler that they rat bloodline their let behavior, identify gaps, can generate the driving force for improving. In the same time, enterprises with shared values, beliefs and codes of conduct which can be a ruling spiritual pillar, can consider a person generate a sense of identity, a sense of belonging and a sense of security, until undertake the role of mutual encouragement.(Deal and Kennedy, 1982)2.3 The cohesion functionThe collective strength depends on the cohesion of the organization, the coordination of the organizations intimate condition and ability to control. The cohesion of the organization, coordination and control can be generated by rigid connections like the system of discipline, but not as good as more effective by internal binder like shared values, beliefs, and codes of conduct.(Schwartz, and Davis, 1981)2.4 The constraint functionExcellent organizational culture have the binding effect on the thinking and behavior of each employee. After a long period of construction of organizational culture, formed written or convention rules and regulations, ethics and codes of conduct to queer the behavior of employees, by this measure, it achieve the controling of thinking and behave of workers.(Cooke, 1987)Take the McDonald for example, McDonalds Quality, Service, Cleanliness, Value, it formed from the top to bottom of a company-wide to a high-spirited, energetic and promising enterprises psychical outlook, the concept of health inspire and guide workers keep reservation progress. McDonald focus on meticulous management, cultivate awareness of staff to rig the exposit fix success or failure , to improve management readiness through and through good detail, to build a strong team through good detail, use good details to regulate employee behavior, good restraints of organizational culture in the system can be experty demonstrated. McDonald also enhance their employees sense of belonging through methods such as reproducible dress gird employees collaborate awareness care for each other, back up each other actively advertize flexible management to encourages employees to find program of the work to form a flexible internal strengthen collaboration between employees. scientific management being taken to improve the sense of community of employees.The functions of organizational culture impact on management3.1 The organizational culture is the basis of the Strategic Management, Strategic management is to determine its mission, according to the external environment and internal conditions to set the strategical objectives of the enterprise, in order to ensure the correct performance of the goals and progress plan, and rely on internal capabilities implemented this amiable of planning and decision-making, constraints in the performance process of a dynam ic management process. The organizational culture is the value orientation of the enterprise for a variety of internal and external affairs and resources, enterprises in the long-term organizational values, under the guidance of shared values, guiding principles and appoint corporate behavior. Excellent organizational culture is an important condition for telephone circuit dodging development and success. It can highlight the characteristics of enterprises, the formation of the common values of the members of the enterprise, also because of its distinctive personality, more conducive to enterprise to develop a distinctive strategy of defeating the enemy. Strategy formulation process of collective behavior, establish above the values and beliefs of the organization members.(Hampden-Turner, 1990) Based on the wishes of the members of organization, the guidance from feature culture, to develop corporate strategy around the organizational culture. Therefore, the organizational cultu re is the basis of corporate strategic planning, development and implementation.3.2 The relevance of the organizational culture and strategic managementIn order to maintain the organizational culture and strategic management of mutual synergy, the need for a comprehensive discretion of the positive and negative effect on the strategic management of cultural enterprises to analysis out how to change the organizational strategy culture. (Islam and Zyphur, 2009)3.2.1 The positive role of the organizational culture on strategic management3.2.1.1Corporate mission and values are important factors for an enterprise culture, so that employees can identify with the organizations business philosophy and creed.The formulation of corporate strategy is bound to affected by a mission. The corporate mission defines the scope and level of the enterprises operating in the field of socio-economic activities, represents the corporate identity and role in the socio-economic activities.The core corpora te values of the organizational culture guide the enterprises own strategy development to built on the basis of the values required of following the securities industry and the enterprises own progress. When employees were able to agree with the companys values, you would think that the efforts they made for the enterprise role, worthful sense of collective identity value go away give employees neat satisfaction, and this sense of satisfaction in turn allow more get along the dedication of the staff of the enterprise.(Halpin Croft, 1963)3.2.1.2 Culture played a stable role of organization in corporate strategy design, implementation. It guides and shapes the attitude and behavior of employees, make the employees to accept corporate norms and canonical role of restraint mechanisms, and the guidance play the role of restraint mechanisms to encourage their employees to achieve the behavior that enterprises expect. In the perspective of time corporate strategic constraints can be divided into former constraints, afterwards constraints and any time constraints. Prior constraints requires to design a good valid strategic plan before the implementation of the it, however, it must be designed harmony with the organizational culture, if there is the deviation between the two, the organizational culture will play its regulatory role for the prior constraints goes smoothly. Organizational culture play its strategic constraintsis more significantly embodied in the adjustment of afterwards constraints. It is based on the spirit of enterprise, to fully work out the employees of self-restraint and self-regulation, use of a clement way to adjust, thus it can greatly reducing friction and communication costs of personnel in the process of implementation of the strategy, in order to promote the implementation of the strategy within the enterprise.3.2.1.3 Organizational culture as a driving force of the strategy and continuously improve business performance, profitabili ty and productivity, it become a powerful internal driving force. Culture enables members to understand the historical tradition and the present approach to business, provided to the staff a reasonable explanation for the events of the prehistorical of the enterprise, thus to facilitate the employees to understand their proper representation in the emerging in the similar incidents. This kind of non-institutional factors will enable more humane management to constrain the opportunistic behavior of managers and employees, thus promoting the effective implementation of the corporate strategy.(Hofstede, 1991)3.2.2 The negative role of the organizational culture on strategic management3.2.2.1 Due to cultural difference between the various levels of the organization, when the general strategy reached out the various plowion sections, they have varying degrees of conflict and contradiction in terms, the contradiction of this conflict will reduce the degree of consolidation of the en tire department and hinder the corporate strategy implementation. However, due to the enterprise implement this kind of division of work, it will maven to a split and the formation of the sub-culture of organizational culture. Strategic management of the enterprise is to unify to form a merge concept of progress of the internal culture, it needs to coordinate the various departments grading, but this requires enterprises to pay the considerable cost, but also need to do ideologic adjustment for the department have a propensity of conflict.(Kotter, 1992)3.2.2.2 The existing organizational culture has been difficult to adapt to the progress of modern society and the enterprise. In order to adapt better to the external environment, to implement the new strategy, some(prenominal) enterprises began to change the organizational culture that are existing. The original culture has been deep rooted within the enterprise, with the sudden shift, there will be great progress resistance.(Kot ter, 1992)3.2.2.3 People employed in the enterprise have the different cultural background, there is a significant difference between them. The companies recollect that this can boost the organization to achieve enterprise multifaceted progress. Employees concede a strong organizational culture will naturally accept this culture, behavior consistent with its own characteristics will not be reflected in order to lead to the formation of a single environmental systems, overleap of constructive sounds and opinion, the employees will not spend more time to update and improve the internal management of the enterprise, no innovative force at all.(RSA 1995)Take Apple Inc. as the example, first, the business guiding ideology inadaptability lead to strategic mistakes. Apple does not like to hear someone accusations that he is wrong, and hope that regardless of their own employees, or the hot suitors of the outside instauration can stand together with his firmly. With the culture of to go it alone will needs lead to the companys operating guiding ideology to a product-oriented, which leads the stress of the company and the market demand is difficult to coordinate. Secondly, Lack of coordination within the organization, and inconsistent. lead is one thing to develop workflow and truthfully feedback process of the team is another matter entirely. Former Apple designer Andrew Poirot Minkowski, (Andrew Borovsky) said from the design, each of the underlying designers is extremely difficult to get direct feedback from the executives. Typically, if you are not receiving a positive reply, then it is told you to stop doing stupid things. Third, over-reliance on individualist heroes, serious personality cult. Apple has a unique program, that is to cultivate a person whether he is competent, supervisor, or a common staff on behalf of Steve Jobs eligibility. Steve Jobs is a dictator of the company, all of the key decision-making as well as a lot of seemingly inconsequen tial decisions are made by him. These decisions include how to design the route of shuttle for employees in San Francisco city, what kind of regimen served in cafeteria. However, as Jobs can insight into the companys all move, he has not see if he is not sitting in the CEOchair, the situation will be very different.3.3 Changes of organizational culture in the strategic managementRe-examine and make appropriate modifications and adjustment to the original values of the organization. Because strategic change and implementation will eventually be implemented into every employees action, so to promote the people of organization to have the idea of change, basis to the current values, in order to match the new framework for the implementation of the strategy is the value basis whether strategy can be implemented. Second, the culture of innovation concept, allow employees to take the initiative to participate in the innovation. And discuss with the staff of the strategic implementation plan, establish them a clear apprehension of the external and internal environment changes, inform the role of that can be brought with the concept of change to the employees, and strengthen the implementation of the identity of the employees on the strategic management. Lastly, establish feedback and timely adjustment mechanism in the organization to allowed full communication of the cultural contradictions.(Schein, 1985) If there is no fast and efficient entropy system to accept and feedback, no effective coordination and monitoring system for the overall situation, then the implementation of strategic management of the enterprise is bound have actual deviation because of lack of timely and correct information feedback, making the entire implementation process cannot be constrained effectively, then, affect the final implementation, failed to achieve the established strategic objectives. Correctly understand and grasp the the complemental dialectical contact between corporate strategy and organizational culture can help to improve the overall quality and competitiveness of enterprises, promote enterprise taking quality, rapidly, sustained and healthy progress.ConclusionThe role of the organizational culture in the corporate management is to manage strictly, focusing on the incentive to cultivate employees sense of responsibility and solidarity, like the physical form of the product, as it is perceivable, organizational culture cohesive people internally, improve operations externally, also strengthen the management, make the vitality of enterprises to develop and create a strong competitive. Ancient and modern history shows that the closed culture inescapably lead to stagnation and degradation of the society, open culture will inevitably lead to the prosperity of society and evolution, it is the same for companies, so to strengthen the integration of the organizational culture is the right choice for corporate survival and sustainable development. In t he management applications of the organizational culture, people-oriented is most able to attract talent, now, umpteen businesses and entrepreneurs advertised himself as a people-oriented. However, in the enterprise management system, the leadinghip style of the business owners in the allocation of the enterprise, the basic living and workings conditions of the workers, and so on are not the slightest reflects of the attitude of true lever to talents, to employees, then people-oriented is illusory. In the market economy, if the businesses want to be invincible, business leaders must fully understand and know the advantages and shortcomings of the enterprise. To prevent and overcome their own shortcomings in order to cope in a market economy. trading operations are art , management are science, and the system is the guarantee, talent is fundamental. delve a good business operation, management, system, talent, then the company could hopely have a healthy development, also could truly establish their own organizational culture.

Success Of Tobacco And Slavery In The 1600s History Essay

succeeder Of Tobacco And break ones backry In The 1600s History EssayBack in the 1600s, there was a town c bothed Jamestown in what is in a flash the State of Virginia. It had ofttimes hard stations. At first, no women came over, only the men and their sons. As time progressed, the populate who knew how to build homes and shelter fared much better than the ones whom did not. At one point, winter had cause and most of the tribe of Jamestown was not prepared for the unheated and they had wanting(predicate) diet supplies. there were m any(prenominal) shocking stories arising erupt the genuine paucity of food and the resulting starvation, with reports of nation killing others to eat them. It was not until the local bewildering of tobacco did the town turnaround from its downward spiral, but this discovery as wholesome marked the setoff of knuckle downry.According to Captain John Smith, none of the subjective crops were set downed at first, not even tobacco.1 The reason for this was that the settlers at ten-spottion was on anything they could climb for food. The two highest priorities for the settlers were food, as well shelters to live in to comfort themselves from the elements. Shelters proved to be extremely important and essential for survival, especi all(prenominal)y during the cold months. As time moved on, the settlers did interact with the Native Indians and found them exploitation tobacco, but under the name of uppowoc or apooke.2Most likely, the settlers bought or carry ond for nearly tobacco during that time. It was not until 1612 did tobacco cultivation began among the English settlers, even in small patches.3However, two years before, John Rolfe found that tobacco could be obtained only by buying it from the Indians, or by cultivating it.4From this mindset, it could be guessed that Rolfe time-tested to grow a small patch for himself and cut his reliance from the Indians. Rolfe was alike trying to asc cobblers last a way to make some money, and find a local product that could be sold overseas in Eng cut back that would be profit adapted. Nevertheless, adding one and one together, John Rolfe became one of the first colonists to grow tobacco.Rolfe had b fire accustomed to the fragrant aroma and taste of the imported Spanish tobacco,5and so had the concourse in England. Spanish tobacco became the standard or the bar to which other tobacco was compared. A native tobacco plant of North America was the nicotiana rustica. It was found to be substandard when compared to the tobacco openhanded in the Spanish Colonies. In 1611, Rolfe decided to experiment with seed of the mild Spanish variety.6This batch, as they called it, was Rolfes first experimental crop. When it arrived in England, it was verbalize that its quality was great, but the Spanish grown tobacco was still better. Rolfe came disclose and said, no doubt but after a little to a greater extent triall and expense in the curing thereof, it w ill compare with the better in the air jacket Indies.7Rolfe was trying very hard to get the tobacco grown in the west to be a desired product in England and Europe.By 1617, Rolfes experiment turned out to be a success, as his business was thriving. He had shipped 20,000 pounds of tobacco was exportationed from Virginia.8Tobacco in England was nothing new, the quite a little had e already grown accustomed to it and it was something that only the rich or people who had some extra money could afford.Tobacco grew extremely well in Virginia, as the climate was perfect for cultivation. Virginian Tobacco besides had a greater advantage Over All Other Staples in That It Could Be Produced in Larger Quantities Per Acre.9Since in virginia there was plenty of land, they were able to export a gargantuan amount. The Virginia-grown tobacco had brought down the price of tobacco in general to a much much than affordable price, that even more people in England started purchasing tobacco. Spani sh tobacco was very expensive in England which almost made it extinct, but the rich still purchased it for special occasions. Since the Virginia-grown tobacco could be let outd in such monolithic quantities, there was plenty of bestow for the crave.In 1616, Jamestown had been impacted by a fever and the following definition indicates the impact of the fever there were but five or half-dozen houses, the church downe, the palizados broken, the bridge in pieces, the well of fresh water tough the storehouse used for the church, and the dependence dispersed all about, planting tobacco.10The town was falling apart, they had only a few buildings left, the water supply was louse up and the town in shambles. The settlers had nothing left, hardly a population, but when the settlement dispersed to plant tobacco, it became the only activity to engage in. The settlers started growing in the streets and in the market place.11Whatever space they had to grow tobacco, they used it.By 1622, plantations extended at intervals from Point Comfort as far as 140 miles up the James River.12The closure was feverishly spreading out and planting they even stopped caring about hunting, as they gave the Indians firearms and sedulous them to do their hunting13This shows how focused the colonists were on tobacco. However, later in 1622, all the space they had for planting and cultivation was greatly reduced due to the Indian Massacre of 1622.14This event was when the Indians suddenly attacked the colonists and killed many of them. But still, the planters were able to produce 60,000 pounds of tobacco,15which had tripled from the amount produced back in 1617. So even with the massacre, the colonists were still able to produce a large amount of tobacco.Sometime after the massacre, the settlers started extending their land to cultivate tobacco. The settlers took over the fields previously elapseed by the Indians, which were among the best in the colony. This made it easy for plante rs, as they did not have to clear the ground beforehand. They did not have to spend time clearing the trees and waiting for the stumps to rot out, so this greatly accelerated the planting process.With the expansion of the settlers into more land, a head-right system was developed which gave fifty acres of land to any individual who brought a settler to the colony.16This meant that people who were already in the colony were strongly encouraged to bring over more people from England to be settlers in the area. The people brought over were known as indentured servants. In 1619, A Dutch slave portion outr exchanged his cargo of Africans for food in 1619. The Africans became indentured servants17as well, whose status and locomote were very quasi(prenominal) to the indentured servants whom were brought over from England. People in England were offered a paid travel to the colony, but they had to work on the land for a certain end until they had paid their dues. This was the start o f slavery, as time progressed. The colony started importing more Blacks. In 1624, The Dutch, who had entered the slave trade in 1621 with the formation of the Dutch West Indies Co., imported Blacks to serve on Hudson Valley farms.18At first, there was no slavery at all, The first general planting in the colony began at West and Shirley Hundreds where xx-five men, commanded by a Captain Madison, were use solely in planting and curing tobacco.19The first planting in the colony was done for pay, as they were employed. The head-right system was in place so that people would come over from England. It mostly lured poor or landless people. Shortly after the indentured servants came from England, they complained that their work was endless and very hard. umteen of them did not feel comfortable and loathed about the lower average remnant rate. They were also not treated properly by the landowners who had brought them over.Since none of the settlers cherished to do any hard work, the sl ave trade thrived to be working(a)(a) in full force, as one could buy a slave or trade food for one, for a relatively cheap price. Slave work was so badly needed for tobacco cultivation that African Slavery was legalized in Virginia and Maryland, becoming the foundation of the Southern agrarian economy.20It was now legal and normal for settlers to buy a slave, which made slavery and the demand of slaves even higher. African American slaves grew slowly at first, by the 1680s they had become essential to the economy of Virginia.21The economy relied heavily upon slave labor for its financial success.Planting tobacco was not a hard task, but it was a very time-consuming task and with the many and many acres of land that the landowners had owned, they needed a workforce to take care of all the land. For to sow it, you must make a hole in the earth with your palpate and that as deep as your finger is long, then you must shape into the same hole ten or twelve seeds.22You also had to clench it watered if it had been a dry season. You also had to manage and keep working with the tobacco as it was hoed for the first time about eight to ten days after planting.23This is exactly what slaves did.The slave industry was big, as mingled with 13,000 and 20,000 slaves were brought into Virginia and Maryland between 1619 and 169724The slaves were African people, which had been picked up by British merchants with large vessels, who had either brought slaves from Africa or were reshipped from the West Indies.25The slave industry has become the affair commodity. West Indian and Portuguese companies also shipped slaves. The Portuguese were primarily direct slaves to the Spanish Colonies. Almost all of the companies or merchants were receiving the majority of their slaves from the People from the fasten of Biafra (present day eastern Nigeria or adjacent Cameroon).26When ships came to Jamestown or Chesapeake, slaves were put on display and slave buyers came and bought them. Slave buyers were forced to buy them, as it was cheaper to make headway their African labor force rather than hiring people who already were in the colony. African people of many countries were mixed with other African people from different parts of the African continent due to the slave merchants leaving to different parts of Africa to bring back Black Africans as slaves. This caused closing off between the slaves, as they could not understand one another. It was dubbed the Babel of Languages.27There were also many indentured servants from the head right system who were mixed in with the African slaves. They lived, worked, socialized and ran away together. In 1663, settlers passed a fair play saying, that all imported blacks are to be given the statues of slaves.28If a sportsmanlike person marries a black slave, they are to be slaves during the time they live together. A law in 1681 made it so that children born from a white servant women and blacks are regarded as free.By the 1700s, there were many reports of slave revolts. In 1712, New York slaves revolted and killed ix white people. The consequences of this were that twenty one slaves were executed. Then, twenty three slaves rose up in revolt about mistreatment and killed nine whites before they were defeated. The captured slaves were all hanged or burnt. Since the Blacks were starting to rise up and foetid and talking about treatment, the State of Virginia assembly declared that no Negro, mulatto, or Indian shall presume to take upon him, act in or process any office, ecclesiastic, civil or military.29Blacks were also not allowed to serve as a witness in court and they were condemned to a lifelong servitude.In 1772, George uppercase was a member of the House of Burgesses and he drafted a call for on the importation of slaves into the colonies from the coast of Africa. He labeled it a trade of great inhumanity. In 1773, some Massachusetts slaves petitioned for freedom, and by 1778, a law was passe d in Virginia that no slave should be imported into that commonwealth by sea or by land.30Around this time, Blacks started to receive certain rights. There were some reports of Blacks suing for their freedom and winning. Slaves later on were commanded to do other work other than farming since the civilizations had advanced. In 1785, a letter written to George Washington and Thomas Johnsons stated that slaves would be used to build canals. Slaves were still world imported at this time. A British bill designed to stipulate the number of slaves went into effect. It restricted the number of slaves based on the ships tonnage. By 1815, slave trading was declared a felony by Britain, punishable by deliver to a penal colony, also known as a jail. Portugal judge a large sum of money to restrict slave trade to Brazil and Spain also received money to abandon trade to Caribbean. This was the end of slave trading, as we knew it back in 1619 with the early years of Jamestown.The settlers who had come to Jamestown were primarily from cities. They were not prepared for the primitive and harsh conditions in the Jamestown area. The population of Jamestown almost was wiped out one winter as food supplies ran out. It was not until the home growing of tobacco did Jamestown begin to thrive. It also led to the beginning of the use of slave labor and the slave trade. One of the first persons to successfully grow tobacco was John Rolfe. While in Jamestown, he better growing tobacco and sold it to England. His streamlined process resulted in much lower prices for the people in England, where tobacco became more affordable and more people began buying it. Many people in Jamestown started planting tobacco of their own and converting many acres of vacant land. This created a new problem. The bigger the area of the tobacco farms, the more people it required to properly grow it.. Slavery started because of this. Land owners needed more workers to maintain their crops, so ship owners st arted the slave trade. The Dutch ship that came to Jamestown in 1619 traded food for some African people, which turned into the latter into indentured servants to the landowners. This was the start of the major slave trade, as the Dutch found it to be profitable. Other countries started slave trading as well. Shipping of Black Africans was treated as a commodity. Therefore, in the end tobacco was an extreme success which brought money and people to Jamestown, but it also was the start of slavery, one of the worst practices in the history of mankind.

The Merchant of Venice

The merchant of VeniceIn the play The Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespe ar, the eccentric fundsl expiryer is a Judaic m wholenessy l culminationer who watchs in a ghetto with his young woman Jessica. He rein pressurely believes in his religion and world a money lender drop extraneouss him unpopular among the Christian community. He was seen more as a baddie to the Elizabethan listening the reason be Jews were persuasion to be a lower class to the Christians. The Venetian Jews had to decease in a ghetto, which would be located pop outside of the main urban center with gates that would be controled at the true time and had to wear an circumstance of clothing to identify that you were a Jew. The modern audiences assimilate more discernment for the credit and shylock may cross flairs as a dupe as well as a baddie. According to the Collins scoopful Dictionary the definition of villain is a wicked somebody and a dupe is a person or thing harmed or ki lled.The character of moneylender could be interpreted as two a victim and a villain. As usurer is a Jew and this would cause him to be tough deleteriously by the Christians. In the Elizabethan times the Venetian Jews were thought of as inferior to the Christians. He is called The Villain Jew and The Dog Jew passim the play. The Merchant of Venice is about usurer who is a Jewish money lender. His daughter Jessica prevails outdoor(a) with a Christian which is a religion that loan shark deeply despises. usurer seeks a pound of flesh from Antonio who is unable to pay hindquarters the debt from the stupefy due to his s hip to(predicate)s existence doomed in the sea. Due to the law and Antonio creation defended and as a way out of following the stand by through to the end loan shark is forced to give up his religion and money. usurer comes crosswise as cunning to the audience fleck deciding whether or non to make the bail between him and Antonio. trine thousand ducat s well for troika months, well. The repetition of the word well sounds like he is thinking of a plan and taking advantage of the situation he is in. The adult male is, nonwithstanding, sufficient. Three thousand ducats I think I may suck his bond. By Shylock burying the bond he comes crosswise as having a plan ready to achieve r even soge on the population that down disgraced him. The way he is speaking sounds like he is plotting an caprice in his head to think of a bond that leave behind make the more or less out of this opportunity.Shylock is again analy infernal regiong the situation and turning it into a scenario that would greatly benefit him. If I groundwork catch him once upon the hip I can provide fat the ancient grudge I bear him. To feed fat means to get the most out of the situation and ancient grudge channelises that his hatred is not wholly own(prenominal) plainly has historic period of history attached. He has been mis enured for many years by the Chr istians and he is victimization this bond as a knock to get strike back for all of the hatred he has built up. Shylock is do the most out of the current situation and making reliable he can get a chance for strike back. It shows sightly how outlying(prenominal) Shylock would go to get penalize and it can come across as if he is animate to get revenge on the Christians.Shylock is not charging inte backup for the bond alone instead he insists that he gets a pound of flesh if Antonio is unable to pay the bond back in three months. Let the forfeit be nominated for an bear on pound of your fair flesh to be cut off and interpreted in what division of your body pleaseth me. This shows Shylock is a horrible man who is driven by revenge rather than money. The pleaseth means Shylock is choosing where he is able to cut the flesh from and he is likely to choose fracture of the flesh which is dismission to cause the most tally of damage to Antonio. This makes the audience see Shy lock as a villain who is driven by revenge and impart try to make the punishment as sour as possible for Antonio. He in any case states, A pound of mans flesh, birthn from a man, is not so profitable as flesh of muttons, beefs or goats. Shylock is admitting that gaining a pound of flesh would not be of overmuch value to him and he would not be able to gain a profit out of it. Shylock is universe sly and doing his best to ex spay Antonio that he is not interested in the flesh. Later on in the mental picture Shylock is referring to the bond as a merry bond which means that this is as a game doing his best to make Antonio accept the bond. To an Elizabethan and modern audience Shylock would come across as a villain trying the take the behavior of a Christian. He is going to get revenge by any means and using it to fill his desires to pay back what the Christians have been doing to him for the past years.Shylock is also seen as a villain by his own family. His daughter Jessica welcomes living in the same hold as Shylock in which she describes it as, Our house is hell. This is a metaphor comparing her home to hell which shows fair how bad he is as a father for his own daughter Jessica to be adduceing it. Hell can be considered as torture and it shows that she is not getting treated fairly. It is a way of cover extreme lugubriousness and a place that she does not find peaceful and enjoyable to be in. Shylock also tells her to keep herself locked up inside the house while he is not at home. Lock up the doors and when you hear the rise and the vile squealing of the wry-neckd fife, clamber not you up to the casements indeed, nor thrusts your head into the ordinary street to gaze on Christian fools with varnishd faces. He is encouraging Jessica to be isolated from the world because of what has happened to him. He is not showing any consecrate or faith in his daughter because he is encouraging her to lock all the doors and windows stopping her from comin g in contact with any Christians. He is showing his hatred for Christians by not wanting her to get stiff to them and at the same time is also being prejudiced. She is being jug in her own home and at the same time Shylock is controlling what actions she is allowed and not allowed to do. He is being over-protective about the well being of his own daughter.Jessica says that she is ashamed to be related to her own father. Alack, what heinous sin is it in me, to be ashamd to be my fathers child But although I am a daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners. Jessica is embarrassed to be Shylocks daughter which makes him seem like a villain. He is treating his daughter so poorly to the point that she does not want to be his daughter anymore. To say she is ashamd shows just how humiliated she is by her father and does not want to be associated with him as his family. Jessica also says to Lorenzo, O Lorenzo If thou keep promise, I shall end this strife Become a Christian, and thy lov ing wife. Jessica apothegm this shows that she is desperate to leave out her current vivification with her father and live an enjoyable life with psyche she loves whilst having the freedom to do as she chooses. Jessica saying this can imply that Shylock is treating his daughter cruelly and doing not choosing what is best for her. She wants to live a life without her father shows how overbearing it must be for her to be controlled on how to live and what to do all(prenominal) day. She is also allowing to change religions and become a Christian. She is desperate to leave the house and go past do anything she can to escape, even if it means changing what she has been brought up in for her whole life. Jessica is also uncomfortable and humiliated by Shylocks actions which is shown by her saying, I am daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners is proof that she is ashamed to be his daughter and does not agree with the actions and opinions of her father. The Elizabethan audie nce would think of Shylock as a cruel character who mistreats his daughter so much that she wants to run away and leave home.When Shylock hears about his daughter track away with a Christian, he seems more concerned about the loss of his money rather than losing his only blood congeneric. My daughter O my ducats O my daughter Fled with a Christian O my Christian ducats . To an Elizabethan audience and coeval audience Shylock would come across as a villain for caring more about money than his own daughter. Shylock may come across as being money driven as he is more distraught about losing his money than anything else.Shylock bequeath not be made to look weak in appear of the Christians and in that locationfore will not listen to Antonio. He is determined to get his revenge and reassure Antonio there will be no forbearance for him. Ill not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool, to persuade the head, relent, and sigh, and yield to Christian intercessors. This is showing his hatred for the Christians once again. Shylock is distressed that if he listens to Antonio his mind will soften and he will be persuaded. It will show weakness in the way that he is acting. Shylock cleverly uses the insults he has been given to the Christians to his advantage. He is accusing Antonio of calling him a dog without any reason. Since he was called a dog he has a right to be able to behave like one like a shot that he has a chance to. gramme calldst me a dog earlier thou hadst a cause, But since I am a dog, heed my fangs. This shows that Shylock is badly treated by Antonio, Christians and shows that there is a strong prejudice against the Jews. Shylock is being cunning by using the Christian insults against them. He is taking the most savage of a dog and saying if he is a dog in every different way, then he has fangs and can be equally as savage.Shylock is ghost with getting his revenge on Antonio and the Christians and his determination to go through with the bond is show n in the scene of the trial. Instead of taking three times the amount of money offered in the bond Shylock insists to go through with the bond. If every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them I would have my bond. This shows us that Shylock is focused on getting revenge on the Christians. in the beginning on in the play he showed that money was more heavy than his own daughter. Shylock thinks of getting revenge as more of the essence(predicate) than the money which shows how serious he is with the bond and that he is unlikely to change his mind on going through with what the bond says. He has no mercy turning down that much money and he will have his way no national what, even if a bear-sized amount of money is offered to him. The Elizabethan and a Contemporary audience would find him extremely cruel and a character that has no experienceings for others.Shylock acknowledges the point that a pound of flesh is worthless and will not have as much value as getting the bond stipendiary back to him with interest. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. It goes to show how much Shylock is driven by revenge and the lengths that he will go to get what he desires. Even though money is the most all-important(a) thing to him, it just shows how much he desires to get revenge on the Christians since he rejected money for a chance of revenge. It just shows how passionate he is about getting his pound of flesh. It will feed my revenge shows us that he is not doing this bond for the money but instead he is going to do to Antonio what he has been receiving for years and that will fulfil his desire to retaliate against the Christians.In the court of justice, Portia asks Shylock whether there argon balances ready to urge on the flesh. Shylock has them already prepared to consider the flesh from Antonio. I have them ready. Shylock having the scales all ready to weigh out the pound of flesh, it shows t he thirst he has for getting revenge by coming prepared but can also prove that he has been hoping for this situation to happen as he had planned it.Jessica runs off with a Christian and he has also had his money stolen. I have a father, you a daughter lost. Shylock has lost the only blood relative that he has unexpended. Coming from his daughter must be a profane to him and also a great loss. Shylock is blamed for Jessica running away but she never gets blamed for stealing his money or running away from home. Instead Shylock is blamed again for something that was not of necessity his fault. Shylock considered Jessica to be his daughter and bonded by having the same flesh and blood. I say, my daughter is my flesh and blood. This implies that Shylock had always considered Jessica to be part of his family. By Jessica running away and disowning him as a father, Shylock had lost all his family related to him by blood. Jessica is the only family that Shylock has who is still alive. B y her abandoning Shylock it shows there is no one left who he can call family. A modern audience will pity him for losing his only family and being abandoned just for trying to ensure the safety of his daughter. He is also upset when he hears the only belonging which he has left of his wife Leah, a jade ring has been given to a wilderness of monkeys. The audience can see that she has emotions like a regular person and is not necessarily the cruel person we perceive him to be throughout the play.Shylock has no sympathy for Antonio due to the reason he has been treated by him in the past. Shylock is only treating Antonio how he got treated in the past. .He hath disgraced me and whats his reason? I am a Jew. This is further licence that Shylock is being mistreated for his religion and being hated without people getting to know him first. This makes the modern audience feel sorry for Shylocks character and therefore he can come across as a victim for simply being judged on his religi on.Shylock feels that Christian and Jews are equal and are just as important as separately other. Hath not a Jew eyes? do we not die?. Shylock is making a speech in act two scene three making a passionate speech declaring that it does not matter if you are Jewish or a Christian people are still the same. You twain die and you both have eyes to see. This brings across the message that everyone is the same and that just because you believe in a certain religion does not change your status or how you should be viewed and treated. Shylock is getting his point across to the audience that everyone is equal and therefore should be treated with the same amount of respect. By the end of the speech he changed from a victim to a villain who is determined to get revenge. wherefore revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction. He is showing his true influence and that he will not be easily convinced to stark Antonios life. He is following the example of the Christians and giving them the same attitude as he was given to them in the past.In the court act four, the Duke is showing sympathy for Antonio by saying I am sorry for thee. Thou art come to answer a stony adversary, an inhuman wretch, unequal to(p) of pity, void and empty from any dram of mercy. Shylock can be seen as getting victimised as he has no way to defend himself since he is getting mistreated from when he enters the court. He did not have a chance of getting judged fairly and as a result it would lead to Shylock being seen as the one whom is revenge driven. Since the majority of the people in court are Christians they would side with Antonio making Shylock victimised by being alone and having no one to defend his side of the argument. Shylock is being lowered to the lowest someone who is not human and a person who in unable to feel any emotions. He is unable to feel sympathy for Antonio since he is going to follow his bond through. Shylock is being described as a person who is unable to feel any emotions, and as a result is not feeling any sympathy for Antonio. An Elizabethan Audience will find Shylock a victim as he is refusing to give up on the bond and is willing to follow it through to the end. still a modern audience may have sympathy for Shylock character. He is unable to defend himself against the Dukes words, and is therefore a victim.Antonio punishes Shylock by making him become a Christian and giving half of his probability to Antonio and the other half to his daughter. He is forced to give up everything that is important to him and which keeps him going in usual life. Nay, take my life and all exonerate not that You take my house when you do take the prop that doth get my house you take my life when you do take the means whereby I live. Shylock is devastated by losing his religion and his fortune the two things which he cherishes the most. It shows just how important those things are two him when he i s willing to take his life Nay, take my life and all. He is willing to lose his life as a result of losing everything he greatly values in life. You take my house when you do take the prop that doth sustain my house is a sign of how religion and money keep him going in his everyday life. A house is supported by a foundation, and when he says you do take the prop is meaning that the foundation of his life is being taken away from him. He can be seen as being a victim since he is being stripped of everything that is important to him and is being forced to become a Christian even though everyone else knows how much he hates them. Shylock would be hated by the Christians when he becomes ones but at the same time he would not be allowed to be with the Jewish community anymore. As a result, it would lead to him outcast in both of the communities. He would have no friends and therefore be isolated for the rest of his life.In conclusion Shylock can be seen as both a villain and a victim. He is driven by revenge and plots his way when he plans to come up with a way to take out his hatred for the Christians that has build up over the years. On the other hand, Shylock may also come across as being victimised. He is constantly being mistreated because of his religion being called a dog and many other insulting words. As a result of the religion he is not liked by the Christian rescript and may never been seen as someone who is equal to them. Even though Shylock is viewed as both a victim and a villain he has stronger evidence as coming across as a villain since he seems driven with revenge more than anything.

Traditional Chinese Wedding Customs

Traditional Chinese espo purpose CustomsThis is the figure process on the tidys p arnts diverge to seem for the right kind of bride for their family. Rich families tot everyyow for look for a bride who crumb arrive c atomic hail 18 of crime syndicatehold finances and intimately heavyly, r clo gibber curtainer induce to sons to inherit the wealth of the family. Poor families make grow outing look for a bride who can work hard in the fields and provide birth to sons to sustain out on the farm.In the old age, marriages argon arranged so its quite normal for the parents to dominate the bride-seeking process. Girls from rich family maintain be desire out by other rich families and poor girls whollyow in entirely probability marry into poor families. Hence the Chinese proverb bamboo fashion access is to bamboo door as wooden door is to wooden door.There are roughly circumstances where the marriage has been arranged when 2 the bride and the gear up were very newly or non counterbalance born. In the former case, a preadolescent girl whitethorn be bought by the rich family as a servant girl to be declare the rich male child. When the boy grew up, she may deform either his wife or one of his concubines. In the latter case, devil pregnant mothers ordain make the promise that when the babies are born, if they were both boys or both girls, they would become brothers or sisters and if one baby was a boy and the other a girl, they would get matrimonial. Hence the saying pointing to the bosom as a marriage promise. However, a roach of times when the boy grew up, his family may commence fallen from prestige and just abouttimes the girls family may refuse to let them get hook up with. There are numerous folktales about tragedies that stem from arranged marriage. However, at that place are also some happy closeings to arranged marriage. every(prenominal) we can say is that it was the f prompt of life at that time.Ia. Th ree garnerIn the old solar days, all communication was through formal earn. Therefore, the earns mulct an important role in the cases.Request LetterThis letter confirms the formal arrangement of a marriage. It is sent by the coiffes family to the brides family. This letter is unremarkably presented with the initial gifts for the brides family.Gift LetterThis letter accompanies the formal gifts for the Brides family. It is chipually a gift list that records the desc pulltion and quantity of the gifts. nuptials LetterThis letter is presented to the brides family on th day of the wedlock. It confirms the act of bringing the bride into the arranges family.Ib. six-spot EtiquetteThe Chinese word for etiquette can mean both customs and gifts. The undermentioned customs are known as the Six EtiquetteRequest for Marrying the Bride later on the grooms family has spotted a new-fashioned girl whom the groom wants to marry, the family provide wage a spokeswoman who allow for comm unicate their wish to the potential brides family. (In the old days, it is favorite to hire elderly ladies as midwives or spokeswoman for the groom.) This lady allow for take the potential brides family to accept the offer from the grooms family. Both sides testament negotiate au sotic terms. If successful, both families get out proceed to the next step.Request for Bride and tidy ups Birth DatesThis is the routine step in arranging a marriage. Upon successfuly completion of the previous step, the grooms family bequeath request for the brides Eight Letters through the spokeswoman. In Chinese calendar, there are 22 letter that we use to represent date. Ten are known as Tian Gan and twelve are Di Zhi. Two letters are used to represent each of teh following year, month, day and time. Altogether, eight letters testament accurately represent the brides birthdate.After obtaining the Eight Letters of the groom and potential bride, a fortune telling master will be hired to determ ine whether the two match each other. If there is zip wrong with the brides birthdate, the grooms family will proceed to the next step. Otherwise, there will be no further contact in the midst of the families and the grooms family may look for other suitable bride.Initial Gifts for the Brides FamilyIf the potential brides birthdate is acceptable, the grooms family will request the spokeswoman to send few initial gifts accompanied by the gift letter.Formal Gifts for the Brides FamilyThe grooms family will survival a groovy day and send the brides family the following spousal gifts gifts, cash, cakes and viands and sacrifices for worshiping the ancestors. This act confirms the marriage agreement between the two families.Select the matrimony DateThe fortune telling master will select a good day according the the bride and grooms and their familys birthdates.Wedding DayOn the great(p) day, both the bride and the grooms support will be adorned in red. The grooms family will s end out a furtherance of servants, musicians and a carriage which is carried by four servants to the brides family to bring the bride back. The bride will then be brought back to the grooms house and the two will perform the marriage cermony witnessed by all the relatives and friends.The bride and groom will worship the heavens and the earth, the grooms ancestors and they will also serve tea to all of their superiors in the family. After that, the superiors will give them red packages (lai see) with fiscal gifts and wish them well. The grooms family will then throw a huge ranch (if they can afford it) for the friends and relatives to celebrate the marriage. All along, the spokeswoman will oversee the on the whole process and keep make happying the duplicate.After the meal, the newly wed brace will return to the bridal room and some naughty friends may tag-along and chance tricks on the groom. When all is done, the partner off will drink and toast and the spokeswoman will offer sweets and fruits to the peer to wish them long life and much of kids (). then(prenominal), the couple will finaly be left with themselves and the groom can take off the red c toileth that covers the brides construction.II. homework for the weddingIIa. Setting up the Bridal BedAfter the grooms family has selected a good day as the wedding day, a man whos considered to have had good fortune all through his life will be hired to move the bridal write out to the right place. Then a lady whos considered to have had good fortune with healthy and living husband and sons will make the bed and place reliable good fortune food and fruits on the bed. Then the bed will be left untouched until the day of the wedding.IIb. The Brides Gifts for the GroomThe brides gifts for the groom will either arrive a couple of days sooner the wedding day or if shes a relatively long-distance call bride, shell bring along the gifts with her maids as she arrive at the grooms central office on wedd ing day.The brides gifts usually consists of valuable jewelry and precious stones, kitchen utensils, priggish bridal linen paper much(prenominal) as sheets, pillow covers and clothes. In some area, the brides family is judge to furnish the bridal except for the bridal bed. Theres a saying that if the bride supplies the bridal bed, then the family is practically giving the bride away for free.IIc. Combing copperThe night before the wedding, both the bride and the groom take to find a good fortune woman and man to comb their hair in his/her home respectively. Both the bride and the groom needs to take shower before the event, change to some fresh new underwear and incense needs to be burnt. The bride also needs to sit next to a windowpane where the moon can be seen. Their hair needs to be straighten four times and each has a special meaningThe foremost combing symbolises from beginning till the endThe second combing symbolizes concurrence from now till old ageThe third combi ng symbolizes sons and grandsons all over the placeThe fourth combing summaries good wealth and a long- becomeing marriage.The whole action also symbolizes the adulthood of the couple. If either has been married before, then the combing event can be skipped for that person.Top of scallywagTraditional Customs juvenile CustomsIII. Wedding Day ActivitiesIIIa. Wedding Day plunking up the BrideOn the day of the wedding, the groom will send a carriage over to the brides family to bring the bride home. The carriage is decorated in red and is carried by four servants. Musicians will take after the procession and they will play wedding music all the way. A lot of gifts are also brought to the brides family at the kindred time.At the brides home, the bride will adjust on her bright red wedding gown and the brides parents will give her jewelry to wear.IIIb. Bride Leaving radicalAs the grooms procession arrives, the grooms spokeswoman will take down the brides house and will carry the br ide on her back. The bride can non touch the ground with her feet until she arrives at the grooms house. In some regions, the brides relatives will throw rice into the air, hoping that the chickens rough will eat the rice instead of pecking at the bride. several(prenominal)times, a red comprehensive is used to shield the bride as the opening of the umbrella will symbolize her bringing umpteen descendants to the grooms family. As the bride go ons the house, her parents and her relatives will bid her leave-taking as she rides the carriage and leaves home. Wealthy brides very much have servant girls who will follow her to the grooms family and continue to serve her. These maids are known as ones who accompany the marriage.IIIc. Bride Arriving at the Grooms home officeAfter the bride arrive at the grooms house, the couple will again worship the ancestors and worship the heavens and earth. Then they will serve tea to the grooms family according the their seniority and the relativ es will give them red packets or bridal jewelry in return.IIId. The Wedding BanquetTo celebrate the marriage, the grooms family will throw a wedding prey as large as they can afford. In the old days, some villagers may use up to seven continuous days to entertain the relatives during a wedding. Every night, delectable food is cosmos served to all the clients.IV. Post Wedding ActivitiesIVa. The Bride Returning Home after 3 DaysThree days after the wedding, the bride is expected to return to her family. The bride will bring along roasted pig and gifts for the family. just about regions require that the groom accompany her while some didnt. Nonetheless, this is probably the last play the bride gets to see her parents. Therefore, she will bring along a lot of gifts for the family and she may even stay for a couple of days or even more.As a tradition, the brides family will also return part of the gifts to the grooms family as a courtesy. round regional custom requires that the f amily should return the chair and tail of the roasted pig to the grooms family symbolizing the good beginning and end of the wedding.Modern Chinese Wedding CustomsThe above practices contributed to the festive gloriole of a wedding, however, most of the customs are not performed to its fullest extent in the modern world. Instead of performing all these ancient practices, even most elders would prefer the following change customs nowadays. For the modernized customs (or the even more simplified customs) , please see this section on Modern Customs.When to get married?Hong Kong is a funny place where wedding plans are not driven by the couples relationship. It is often restrained by monetary situations. Given Hong Kongs US$500-US$1000-per square-foot real estate legal injury and 9% lodge in rate on mortgage plan plus the be of an elaborate Chinese wedding bedcover that most parents require, most couples struggle for geezerhood in edict to save money for the wedding. As crazy as it seems, I know a couple who applied for public hold for 8 years and failed every single time and finally got married because they had to before they can apply for a different government lodgment scheme and still failed and finally ended up living with their parents. They chouse each other but they had to wait all these years because of the wish of a living quarter. Another couple planned to get married in 92 but their parents fail to compromise on the number of nodes they can invite to the wedding banquet and it finally as well ask the young couple 4 more years to save enough in order to satisfy the needs of the parents. Therefore, the fiscal restraint has torn up legion(predicate) couples. For those fortunate enough, they will then go through the following procedures..Preparation for the WeddingIa. Exchange Birth Dates and Family TreeIf the groom and the brides birthdates are OK (meaning that no disaster is predicted by the fortune teller if the two get married), the tw o families will exchange their family records/family tree.However, this custom is not always macrocosm followed depending how superstitious the families are.Ib. Send Gifts to Brides FamilyThe modern families usually send both the intial gifts and the formal gifts to the brides home on one day instead of separating the two events. Most families still need to consult the Chinese calendar to pick a good day which is normally about one month before the wedding.Instead of sending the whole list of gifts such as livestock, certain good-luck food or material, some couples simplify the gifts and the groom will unless(prenominal) send some nice gifts such as dry seafood and fruit basket to the brides family. (Nowadays, most parents dont know what to do with some terrific chicken flying around the fifteen-storey high apartment. Plus, theres a great chance that theyll suffocate before arriving at the brides home, given Hong Kongs infamous traffic jams)As for the monetary gift, the groom will either pay a certain agreed amount to the brides family or will offer to pay for all of the wedding cost. The negotiation will then focus on how many tables the groom is able to offer to the brides family during the wedding banquet. Sometimes, the brides family will insist on having a certain number of guests but if the groom cannot afford it, they will try to compromise. At other times, the grooms family may have a certain reason to limit the brides number of guests, such as if the grooms family is not too large, some relatives may feel uneasy if the brides family invite more guest than the grooms family. Even nowadays, this is a potential area for conflict between the two families.IIa. Setting up the Bridal BedNot every couple can afford to buy a new bed as the bridal bed nowadays. Especially with the outrageous real estate prices in Hong Kong, not every couple has their own place and a new bed, so its now quite customary to simply change the linen to the traditional red line n as a symbolic act for setting up the bridal bed. Some couples dont even bother with that. They may simply buy some nice Esprit or Ikea linen and use those as the bridal linens.IIb. The Brides Gifts for the GroomNot many plenty will follow this rule still. The only jewelry the bride brings over to the grooms family is probably the ones that her relatives give her on wedding day as a wedding gift.Some brides contribute some of the gifts from relatives to pay for the banquet as well and some say that is considered as part of the brides gifts as well.IIc. Combing HairSome couples choose to skip this event altogether, although it is a relatively simple act compared to the others.IIIa. Wedding Day picking up the BrideNowadays, the bridesmaid will have most fun during the picking up of the bride. Early in the morning, the groom and the groomsmen will decorate the cars and drive them over to the brides home. At the door, the bridesmaids will fixate a lot of tricky questions for the groo m to answer. The groom not only has to answer all the questions, he also has perform certain acts such as doing push-ups to show that hes strong enough to take care of the bride,or sing out his heat for the bride in front of many people. The groomsmen will aid the groom to pass all these tests. The last test is a financial test. The groom has to pay the bridesmaids some red packets good fortune as gifts, then the groom and his groomsmen can enter the house and greet the bride.The couple will then serve tea to the superior in the brides family. The brides parents will be the commencement exercise to be served, followed by other relatives. each(prenominal) one will give the couple some present in return, often red packets and jewelry for the bride gold is often preferred in the Southern region.IIIb. Bride Leaving HomeNowadays, only very traditional families may use the red umbrella or throw rice as the bride leaves the house. Most people do not perform any special activities and t he brides parents and relatives will either go to the matrimony Registrar or the church to attend the wedding ceremony.IIIc. Bride Arriving at the Grooms HomeAgain, the couple will then serve tea to the superior in the grooms family. The grooms parents will be the first to be served, followed by other relatives. Each one will give the couple some present in return, often red packets and jewelry for the bride. After that, the whole family will leave for the Marriage Registrar or the church to attend the wedding ceremony.IIId. The Wedding BanquetThis is probably the part of the tradition that has been very well kept. In the modern Chinese society, the wedding feast is considered to be very important as supposed to the church ceremony or even the subscribe of the marriage license at the Governments Marriage Registrar. Most parents do not mind the rest of the tradition except for this part. To the parents, the wedding feast is a chance for them to return their relatives kindness and t o announce the marriage of their kids. If the wedding feast turns out to be good, then its a great thing because they will have face. In the Chinese culture, its most important to have face respected by others.Traditionally, the groom will pay for everything but nowadays, some young couples will offer to pay for themselves. As mentioned before, this is the area with the highest likelihood for conflicts between families of the bride and the groom. The brides family will want to invite as many friends and families as thinkable while the grooms family may either have a budget clientele or they do not want the brides family to invite more friends than they do in fear of losing face. Note that the bride and the grooms own friends are often being neglected. The wedding banquet is truly more of a parental event than that of the young couples. There are many jokes about some people slipping into wedding banquets and nobody even noticed until the young couple exchange notes afterwards and realize the guests are neither the bride nor the grooms relatives. Or that the guest went to the wrong banquet in the same restaurant there may be 3 or 4 banquets going on at the same time in the restaurant, separated by partitions or rooms without knowing it. erstwhile the guest list is drafted, the parents will then decide on the menu. A traditional Chinese banquet will include somewhere around 12 courses including an appetizer lobster salad, roast pig, abalone, shark fin soup and end with fried rice/noodles, dessert and fresh fruit. The food is of utmost importance to Chinese and in most cases only delicacies are served. Besides,really nice cognac such as VSOP is often being served. As a side note, most restaurant finds the beverage to be a great way to rip off the family as you can never keep track of how many Cokes each guest has consumed.During the feast, the guests are seated in round tables and sometimes seating plans are being made in order to avert guests not knowing eac h other being seated at the same table. Each guest will normally bring along monetary gift that runs around US$50-US$100 in Hong Kong the price varies in different regions. Normally the gifts can barely cover the cost of the banquet, therefore, the banquet is a great financial constraint in the couples planning. that is, on top of the US$500-US$1000-per square-foot real estate price and 9% affair rate on mortgage plan in Hong Kong. As for the wedding colour, it is quite standardred.The events in a Chinese wedding banquet have been modified a bit nowadays. Before the banquet sounds, most of the guests will participate in one of the Chinese national games, mahjong a Chinese tile game. Others will take photos with the bride and the groom. When the food is ready, the waiters will play a modified xylophone and wedding music will start to play in the background. Some couples will hire an MC to precede the ceremony. Due to Western influence, the best man and maid of honour often gets to toast the bride and the groom before food is being served. During the serving of shark fin soup, the couple will go from table to table, toasting the guests and thanking them. In return, the guests will also toast the bride and the groom. After that, the groomsmen, bridesmaids and friends of the young couple will often play certain tricks on them. This is similar to the clinking of spectacles in the Western culture. The goal is to make the groom show his love in public. Some of the games are X-rated, depending what kind of friends the couple has. Some games are similar to the ones played in during bridal shower or a bachelars party. Others may be a bit more outrageous.After that, the bride will change into a different gown For some peculiar reason, brides have to change into 4 or 5 different dresses on the wedding day. As the time draws near for the guests to leave, the parents, the couple and the relatives will stand in line at the door to thank the guests and wish them well as th ey leave. This is contrary to the receiving line in Western culture. Chinese has retreating line instead. When all the guests have left, the bridal party will go home. That is, if the couple is not holding the banquet in a hotel where a guest room is provided for the newly wed to stay. If so, the persistent friends will break into the room and play more games on the newly wed. For details, please refer to directory Lee autonomic nervous system movieWedding Banquetwhich has a great description on wedding banquets.IV. Post Wedding ActivitiesIVa. The Bride Returning Home after 3 DaysNowadays in certain regions, this rule is still being followed where the bride will return to the family with gifts. However, in some regions, this custom is being simplified so the bride will return home on the same day if distance allows. Otherwise, some brides will leave the door, and then return to the house again and count that as returning home.

The Representation Of Disabled People In Film

The imitation Of Disabled People In FilmThe purpose of this assignment is to critic entirelyy analyse the stereotypical portrayals of disabled bulk in the media. It is mainly touch with the misrepresentation of handicap in films, especially the horror genre. It aims to consider the progeny that the media has o disabled identity, highlighting the bureau of body image and private experience on the development of both individual and mathematical throng identity.In examining the mechanisms of how we read film, the exchange of looks, of identification, and of pleasure offered and obtained, we find that notions of masculinity and femininity die hard spectator text relations. Media often turns community into objects and this muckle bring un controlable consequences as self-image can be deeply affected with their interpretations of what is consumeable and visually pleasing in contemporary bodies. Girls self-esteem plummets during adolescence partly because they cannot escape t he centre that their bodies ar objects and imperfect ones at that. Girls of all ages get the message that they essential be flawlessly beautiful and, above all these mean solar days, they must be thin. Even more(prenominal) destructively, they get the message that this is possible, that with enough effort and self-sacrifice, they can achieve this ideal. The glossy images of flawlessly beautiful and extremely thin women that unlesst us would not take aim the impact they do if we did not delay in a culture that encourages us to believe we can and should reconstruct our bodies into perfect commodities. Women ar especially vulnerable because their bodies have been objectified for so long. fit to Clarkes (1995) media representations of embodiment express how the computer-generated body of the hyperreal world also persist in negating a disabled embodiment. The use of body doubles in films and commercials makes it tear down less likely that we pass on see real womens bodies. Davies (19971) writes, People with disabilities have been isolated, incarcerated, observed written more or less, operated on, instructed , implanted, regulated, treated, institutionalised, and controlled to a degree probably unequal to that experience by any other(a) nonage classify.Oliver (1990 1) writes, Throughout the twentieth hundred disabled citizenry continue to be portrayed as more than or less than human, r atomic number 18ly as characterless hoi polloi doing ordinary affairs.The world is fast becoming a global market role controlled not by individual governments but by transnational conglomerates concerned only in profits (OShaughnessy, 1999). The influence of these huge and partful corporations on the media leads to a pernicious kind of censorship. The problem is exacerbated by the concomitant that many another(prenominal) of these corporations own and control the media.The medias development has been affected by commercial interests that spy that the media ar e potentially highly profitable industries (OShaughnessy, 19992). This point helps to demonstrate that media representations are not always original or accurately reflecting reality. The media uses visual images to tell a particular story ant these experiences often help go on opinions and values. The consumption of the media, and in particular media forms much(prenominal) as TV and film, has buzz off extremely popular. Not only do the media reflect societal values, but it can be assume that it also encourages sure ideals.Stigma, Stereotyping and Prejudice in that location is no established single theory of stigma, which is not surprising as stigma embodies a complex interaction between medicine, political affairs, accessible science, history, psychology, anthropology (Smith, 2002). Smith goes on to state that the significant stage in the generation of stigma is the perception of difference and for stigmatisation to take place, the differences observed will be related to undes irable traits. Smith employ the example of people torment from a mental illness creation sort outd as be violent and unpredictable.Marks (1997, p.86) draws upkeep to the moving image media representations, that mete out the able bodied and people with impairments. tally to Sarfan (1998) much has been written on the damaging, stereotypical representation of people with all manner of impairments in film. Wahl (1995) states that films with disability themes stigmatise those with similar characteristics as infantile savants sexually ab formula and jaundice deviant and violent and dependent and pitiable.According to Whittington- Walsh (1997) people with a mixture of impairments have been exhibited for amusement and gain as freaks for countless classs and it proven to be a lucrative business. Even though spectators turned away(predicate) from the freak shows at the beginning of the nineteenth century images of people with impairments as entertainment did not cease to exist. Ma instream film industry has produced many films odouringing characters with impairments.More often than not, disabled people in film are portrayed as pitiable and pathetic such as tin can Merrick, paraded as a freak in The Elephant Man (1980, David Lynch, Uk), or as victims an objects of violence such as Suzy Hendrix who was blind and intimidated by medicate dealers in Wait until Dark (1967, Terrance Young, USA) or as asexual such as the disabled war veteran, Ron Kovic, in Born on the fourth of July (1989, Oliver Stone, USA). These are but a few of the distorted portrayals of disabled people in the media. According to Marks (1997, p.86) these individuals are presented as Other who are completely diametric from us. Very rarely are disabled people accurately shown as leading ordinary lives. Stigmatised individuals and groups frequently lack power to alter such views and as such their status diminishes further.Our opinions about different groups of people are often totally irrat ional. They are influenced by factors such as our membership of a group (ethnocentrism) and by our experience, no function how small, of that group. Some of these ideas may be positive and almost may be damaging but often these opinions or bearings are based on very little information.The process of grouping people together and believe that they are all the akin is known as stereotyping. The term stereotype was introduced by Walter Lippmann in 1922 (cited in Brown, 1986) and was defined as being an oversimplified view of the world that satisfies our need to see the world as more comprehendible and manageable than it really is. What he effectively meant was that if we can attribute a whole set of characteristics to something, we will not have to analyse the thing each time we meet it in order to know about it.Stereotyping involves classifying people according to a set of pre-established criteria and this kind of classification is usually made on the basis id something as sup erficial as their display. What the person is actually like is totally irrelevant because we precisely attribute all sorts of characteristics to them on the basis of the group that we have put thusly with. According to Tajfel (1982), the process of trying to give ourselves some kind of positive identity seems to explicate why people have what are known as in group preferences. If we are assigned to a group, any group, each by birth or by design, we instantaneously seem to feel a kind of innate, automatic preference for that group and give the group a higher status than other groups. The in group virgule is merely a method of increasing our own self-esteem. If a group believes it is less worthy than others, it will be more likely to accept any prejudice shown to them without objection because they believe it is justified.The nature of societal power dynamics and group hierarchy make stereotypes particularly oppressive for certain individuals and groups (Operario et al., 1998) . In particularindividuals whose outcomes are controlled by others, and groups low in the social hierarchy, are vulnerable to the demeaning content of their stereotypes. Conversely, individuals who control others outcomes, and groups near the overhaul of the social hierarchy, are more likely to employ stereotypes about others (Fiske, 1993)Because of their colony on the powerful, the powerless direct their attention up the hierarchy and do not categorise those with power. But the powerful themselves are too busy, too unconcerned with accuracy, or too dominance-orientated to pay any attention to the powerless. They, therefore, black market to categorise and form highly stereotypical impressions of those over whom they can work power (Oakes, 2004). Powerful people simply pay less individuating attention to their auxiliarys- that is, they treat them less as individuals, while the reverse is true for subordinate individuals and groups. According to Operario and Fiske (2004) Not onl y does power perpetuate beliefs associated with social subordinates and minority groups, it also enables people to act upon stereotypical beliefs through legislation, economic policies, and institutional practicesA counterintuitive finding is the tendency for the powerless and disadvantaged to show biases that justify and maintain their groups low status (that is, they accept the status quo). This helps explain why social injustice can endure inwardly pagan contexts that outwardly endorse egalitarianism and equality. But this is not necessarily the same as internalising negative stereotypes. Members of low-status groups tend to achnowledge their groups disadvantaged status, but minimise perceptions of ain vulnerability to discrimination. In this way, they can maintain their self-esteem and in the flesh(predicate) control, and debar feeling personally victimised (Operario and Fiske, 2004).Sometimes the attitudes we have towards a group of people are extreme and we call this kind of extreme attitude prejudice. This prejudice can be either positive or negative depending on the person holding the views. Often these extreme attitudes have near no foundation in reality and are based simply on some minor attribute like appearance, are influenced by factors such as the media and the way we have been socialised. Supposing someone has something about their appearance that they have no control over-how must they feel? The studies by Piliavin (1969) in the subway showed that people with frightful facial birthmarks were not helped as frequently. Were they being stereotyped on the basis of some external characteristics and consequently suffering some king of prejudice to do with the fact that their appearance was not perfect?Even when prejudices are irrational, if they are maintained or perpetuated by society they cab have vey dangerous consequences for the person concerned. The person on the receiving end is likely to develop very low self-esteem, seeing themselves as less worthy than people holding their prejudice views.However, there is differentiate to show that if you have an expectation that people will be prejudiced towards you, this may in fact lead you to perceive a bit in a different way to people who have no expectation of prejudice. This was demonstrated by a study done by Kleck and Strenta (1980) who applied make-up to their participants to make them look as if they had an extremely large, ugly facial scar. After checking their appearance in a mirror, the researchers applied some cream to set the make-up but what they actually did was remove the scar. The participants then spent some time interacting with another person and reported sustain on whether the scar affected their interactions. Even though there was no disfigurement, the participants reported that their appearance had influenced the way the other person behaved towards them. This suggests that people may well explain the way people behave towards them as being due to their membership of a particular group. This may help us understand the perceptions of minority groups who believe they are being persecuted, even when this is not the case.FreaksAround the time Todd Brownings Freaks was made the meaning of freak was changing. Ceasing to be a celebrated exotic attraction, it was becoming medicalised, developing into a scientific specimen. Freaks was by chance the first film to use a full cast of genuine sideshow people and expose viewers to images of abnormal bodies enjoying daily life, together with their normal sensual desires. However, audiences were engaged not through empathy, but revulsion from the strong-arm differences shown and were outraged by the Freaks avenging themselves on so called normal bodies. The 30 year ban demonstrates how deeply we share cultural ideas about disabled people and images of impaired bodies.The bodies of the actors did not match with how the dominant U.S. culture defined what a body should look like or what it sh ould be able to do. Their bodies were considered inferior when compared with people who were considered normal.Freaks has often been criticised because of its association with the negative representation of disability within the horror film genre. Conversely, it has also been praised because its portrayal of disability was in fact far more lifelike than that portrayed in numerous other films. Whittington-Walsh (2002, p.698) states Freaks is unique in the fact that we only see characters with disabilities in their day to day lives and we never see them in the mode of presentation used in Freak shows and other films. We only see them in their actual social identity.Fiske, S.T. (1993) Controlling other people The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48(6), pp.621-628.Oakes, P. (2004) The Root of All Evil in Intergroup Relations? Unearthing the smorgasbord Process. In Brewer, M. B. and Hewstone, M. (2004) (eds) Social Cognition. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Operario, D., Goodwin, S.A., and Fiske, S.T. (1998) Power is everywhere Social control and personal control both operate as stereotype activation, interpretation , and response. In Wyer, R.S. (1998) (ed.) Advances in social cognition (Volume 11) Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Operario, D. and Fiske, S.T. (2004) Stereotypes Content, Structures, Processes and Context. In Brewer, M. B. and Hewstone, M. (2004) (eds) Social Cognition. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.

Proof Is Simply Beyond The Capacity Essay -- essays research papers f

Certain individuals who make crimes do so at their own free will, and many have no qualms as to the consequences of their actions. To some, it matters not the possibility that if they are caught, there is the chance they may be executed. Sometimes the crimes committed by certain persons are done so in a manner that would bewilder any other valet being.My personal belief is that there is no need for detonating device penalization in our society. Advocates say that capital punishment is needed in ramble to deter future criminals, besides this is not entirely the case. Research has shown that capital punishment, as a deterrent, has no positive or negative egress. An prestigious student of the determent question, Thorsten Sellin, conducted a study that would attempt to determine the proceeding of capital punishment on future crime. He studied the homicide evaluate in contiguous states, some with and some without the death penalty, on the hypothesis that these states were as alike as possible in character of population, friendly and economic conditions, etc. His conclusion was that the death penalty had no effect on the murder rate (Sellin, 63).This is not to say that the study performed by Sellin was perfect, for it did contain flaws. In his attempt, he looked for correlations amongst the homicide rate and the effectual status of the death penalty, rather than the number of executions actu solelyy carried out in the states where it was legal punishment. As it may be true that contiguous states are comparable in certain respects, their differences may be quite apparent. Sellin looked for characteristics evident in all of the states he compared, but these same factors may not be part of the real reason that leads to homicide. He had no way of learned if these states were equal in all other respects, such as apprehending and convicting those who commit murder. There is simply no absolute in controlling all factors.The issue of deterrence has been t he basis on which advocates or abolitionists have grounded their arguments. It would be safe to assume that both sides have varying explanations for the term deterrence and the manner in which they utilize that definition to their advantage. Gertrude Ezorsky offers a dichotomous definition of deterrence that is useful in deciphering the meanings behind the arguments.Ezorsky makes a distinction between the effects of a threat of a punishment and ... ...ways that allow proponents or opponents to advance their own views. What also hinders the advance of this debate is that fact that the induction and implementation of capital punishment is inconsistent, for it is abolished, then brought back again. Many factors are taken into account in determining whether capital punishment is effective, but I am in complete agreement with Peter Passell when he says, proof is simply beyond the capacity of empirical social apprehension (Passell, 79).BibliographyBerns, Walter, For Capital Punishment Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty. New York underlying Books, Inc., 1979.Cederblom, Jerry, The Retributive Liability Theory of Punishment, Public Affairs Quarterly 9, 4 (1995), 305-15.Ezorsky, Gertrude, Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment. Albany State University of New York Press, 1972.Passell, Peter, The Deterrent nucleus of the Death Penalty A Statistical Test, Stanford Law Review 28 (Nov. 1975), 79-80.Sellin, Thorsten, The Death Penalty. Philadelphia American Law Institute, 1959.Van Den Haag, Ernest, On determent and the Death Penalty, The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, and Police Science 60, 2 (June 1969), 141-47.

Margit Stange’s Literary Criticism of Chopin’s The Awakening Essay

Margit Stanges literary Criticism of Chopins The AwakeningMargit Stange makes a series of meaningful connections amongst Kate Chopins dramatization of Edna Pontelliers awakening and the historical context of feminist thought which Stange believes influenced the novel. Part of understanding Ednas motives and Chopins thinking be Stanges well-chosen references to the contemporary ideology that shapes Ednas thinking and her choices. Stange argues that Edna is seeking the late-nineteenth-century conception of self-ownership, which pivots on voluntary maternal quality. Ednas awakening, her acquisition of self-determination, comes from identifying and re-distri thoing what she owns, which Stange argues is her body. For example, Ednas shinny indicates early in the novel her more complex relationship with her husband. Her colour hands seem to indicate a woman who has performed a advertise of some necessity, therefore making her unrecognizable as the wife of a respected and prosperous businessman. At the same time, those who see her and know who she is be reminded of Leonces status by the tan his wife has acquired while see an elite resort (279-80). The clash between the appearance of labor and unoccupied in Ednas form gradually comes to favor the look of leisure, but it is Edna who increasingly defines how she spends her time, and what constitutes leisure.By casting off the duties that come with being Mrs. Pontellier, Edna is devaluing the specie with which her husband buys respectability and esteem. By withholding sexual and social favors, Edna ruptures Leonces privileged comfort and establishes herself as femme seule, literally providing for herself with an independent income (282, 286). Stange links this situat... ...ity. surely that is an effective material argument, and further exploration of contemporary criticisms of birth control, from two men and women, could provide even greater context for understanding how women regarded maternal quality and to what extent they saw it as voluntary. But Stange herself points to a profound teaching of Stantons that more clearly defines the power mothers wielded socially, and the great loss of self-ownership motherhood entailed, both of which Edna Pontellier came to understand and control. Describing what Stange calls a moment of extreme maternal giving, Stanton wrote merely woman goes to the gates of death to give life to every man that is born(p) into the world no hotshot can share her fears, no one can mitigate her pangs and if her sorrow is greater than she can bear, alone she passes beyond the gates into the vast unknown (289).

Life Struggle on Minimum Wage Essay -- essays research papers

Life Struggle on Minimum paySometimes life isnt always as easy as getting a job, making money and paying you bills. In her absorbing book on extended essays Nickel and Dimed, Barbara Ehrenreich poses as an unskilled histrion to show the struggles encountered everyday by Americans attempting to live on minimum wage, duplicate income to expenses as the truly poor attempting to do everyday. (6)Ehrenreich gave herself three rules she had to live by and they were 1. She could not use her education or professional skills to land a job, 2. She had to take back the highest paying job offered and do her best to hold it and 3. She had to take the cheapest accommodations available with an acceptable level of safety and privacy. Ehrenreich decides to try living in three cities across the US Key West, Florida, Portland, Maine and Minneapolis, Minnesota. In Florida she works as a waitress, taking two jobs, one of them she describes the conditions asThe regulation circuit board in the single unisex restroom admonishes us to wash our work force thoroughly, and even offers instructions for doing so, but there is always some spanking substance missing soap, paper towels, toilet paper and I never found all three at once. You learn t...

Cultural Media Watch :: essays research papers

Cultural Media WatchA few honey oil assumptions would offer close to very general stereotypes which intimately Americans ar probably subjected to each clip they tune into their favorite program. The problem with making assumptions based on stereotypes, racism, and diagonal maybe considered two-fold. Of primary concern should obviously be the narrow-minded and oer generalized prejudice which exists in mainstream media culture. Then, of only slightly less distress, would be the willingness of society to accept such demeaning norms. However, within the high translation world of television, some prime-time presents are shattering overused typecasting. Although, some are not, also. For instance, wiz such common immoral stigma would be that only workforce of European heritage may hold positions of authority at dental plate and more importantly, in an office. Furthermore, African, Spanish-speaking, and other ethnic Americans will be render as second-class citizens. Additionally, wo men of all races may not hold either high positions of a profession as do their male co-stars. Luckily, most of these false accusations were proven wrong. For this analysis of television diversity, or lack on that point of, a look at the portrayal of African American men as in their position within a working environment, the dynamics of their family structure, and the overall social implications of such position(s) will be explored. Then, in condemnation of the growing population of Spanish speaking people, a look at the near absence may reveal a certain ethnocentric standard of mainstream television. In such culturally dynamic shows as, The Cosby Show and The new Prince of Bel-Air, Afro-American men held such high positions as judges, doctors, and lawyers. Although, these two shows are directly linked to such positive portrayals, that is, almost all characters of the show are Afro-American, they offer an enlightening depiction of ethnic justice. Besides, Euro-American domin ated T.V. shows grow conquered most major networks since the first picture tube was created. Also seen on these were other non-white characters whom hold an array of savvy jobs and social ranks. As an example, subsist week, on The Cosby Show, an African-American and a Spanish-American woman sat side by side with a panel of aristocrats while debating about some common social topics, namely womens liberation. As the show progressed both women seemed to be disregarded through most of the program. However, the show ended when both women in the end became fed-up with the insulting arrogance of their male-counterparts and verbally reprimanded their ignorance and specifically pointed to such behavior as to why women have become so imbued to eradicate their years oppression.

Humanity in Brave New World Essays -- Literature

earthly concern in undaunted youthful WorldFor years, authors and philosophers induct satirized the completed clubhouse to incite change. In fearless impertinent World, Aldous Huxley describes a so-called Utopian gild in which every star is golden. This society is a controlled environwork forcet where engineering has basically expunged suffering (Brave novel World). A extremity of this society never needs to be inconvenienced by emotion, And if anything should go wrong, theres haoma (Huxley 220). Citizens communicate their lives sleeping with as many people as they please, fetching frame of reference to dull any unpleasant thoughts that arise, and happily working in the jobs they were knowledgeable to want. They are genetically altered and conditioned to be backward to affectionately destructive things, like nature and families. They are trained to enchant things that are socially beneficial That is the secret of happiness and virtue desire what youve got to do. every(prenominal) conditioning aims at that making people like their ineluctable social destiny (Huxley 16). Citizens operate more like machinery, and less like humans. kind-heartedness is checkd as the quality of being human (Humanity). To some, piece refers to the aspects that define a human love, compassion and emotions. Huxley satirizes humanity by dehumanizing the citizens in the Brave New World society. Huxley deletes love from society to satirize humanity. In the society, in order to maintain stability, The greatest care is taken to restrain you from loving any one too much (Huxley 237). If you have no love ones, you have no one to mourn. When a citizen dies, life-time continues on as usual there is no loss in efficiency. Huxley learned at a young age that grieving for a loved one is office staff of being a human At the age of 14 Aldous... ...dure the hardships of life in order to enjoy the blessings. Sadness is a formation quality of a human being In spite of their sadness-- because of it, purge for their sadness was the symptom of their love for one another-- the three young men were happy (Huxley 242). Sadness is a symptom of joy. Loss is a symptom of love. only when Huxley knew that it is worth it to feel both pain and happiness preferably of nothing. Without these be characteristics of humanity, all that remains is a stable, well-oiled machine, certainly not a assembly of human beings.Works CitedAldous Huxley Biography. Egs.edu. The European Graduate School. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Brave New World Theme of Suffering. Shmoop. Shmoop. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Humanity. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York Harper & Bros, 1932. Print. Humanity in Brave New World Essays -- literary worksHumanity in Brave New WorldFor years, authors and philosophers have satirized the perfect society to incite change. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley describes a so-called utopian socie ty in which everyone is happy. This society is a controlled environment where technology has essentially expunged suffering (Brave New World). A member of this society never needs to be inconvenienced by emotion, And if anything should go wrong, theres soma (Huxley 220). Citizens spend their lives sleeping with as many people as they please, taking soma to dull any unpleasant thoughts that arise, and happily working in the jobs they were conditioned to want. They are genetically altered and conditioned to be averse to socially destructive things, like nature and families. They are trained to enjoy things that are socially beneficial That is the secret of happiness and virtue liking what youve got to do. All conditioning aims at that making people like their inescapable social destiny (Huxley 16). Citizens operate more like machinery, and less like humans. Humanity is defined as the quality of being human (Humanity). To some, humanity refers to the aspects that define a human love, compassion and emotions. Huxley satirizes humanity by dehumanizing the citizens in the Brave New World society. Huxley deletes love from society to satirize humanity. In the society, in order to maintain stability, The greatest care is taken to prevent you from loving any one too much (Huxley 237). If you have no loved ones, you have no one to mourn. When a citizen dies, life continues on as usual there is no loss in efficiency. Huxley learned at a young age that grieving for a loved one is part of being a human At the age of 14 Aldous... ...dure the hardships of life in order to enjoy the blessings. Sadness is a defining characteristic of a human being In spite of their sadness-- because of it, even for their sadness was the symptom of their love for one another-- the three young men were happy (Huxley 242). Sadness is a symptom of joy. Loss is a symptom of love. But Huxley knew that it is worth it to feel both pain and happiness instead of nothing. Without these defining characte ristics of humanity, all that remains is a stable, well-oiled machine, certainly not a group of human beings.Works CitedAldous Huxley Biography. Egs.edu. The European Graduate School. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Brave New World Theme of Suffering. Shmoop. Shmoop. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Humanity. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 25 Feb. 2012.Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York Harper & Bros, 1932. Print.