Steroid and non-steroid hormones differ in how they affect target cells. Describe the mechanisms involved using specific examples of each. How is it that hormones affect some cells and not others?

A hormone is a product of an endocrine gland that is released into the blood. Hormones bilk development and activity in target tissues somewhere else at a distance in the body. Steroid hormones accommodate cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. Non-steroid hormones include choleckystokinin, epinephrine, dopamine, insulin, norepinephrine, serotonin, and vasopressin.

Steroid hormones, like estrogen, directly affect gene expression in their target cadres. These hormones ar lipid soluble and can pass on directly through the the plasma membrane of a kiosk to bind with special receptors in the nucleus. Once the steroid hormones and receptors are bound together, the hormone receptor complex activates specific genes and exploit those genes to be expressed. In the case of estrogen, the ovaries are stimulated to make up eggs.

Non-steroid hormones, such as insulin, cannot diffuse through plasma membrane. These hormones bias cytoplasmic activities through a second messenger, cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), which in turn affects the stallular biochemistry and metabolism. Second messengers often initiate an enzyme cascade, where distributively step activates an enzyme that in turn activates the next enzyme in the series.



These enzyme fall amplify the effects of hormone molecules on target cell metabolism. When the blood sugar level lowers, insulin is released.

The same basic mechanisms are used in many diffferent hormone and target cell combinations, but the response is specific. Cells can altogether interact with only the hormones for which they have receptors. Likewise, cAMP activated metabolic enzymes differ in structure and function in different target tissues.

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