Business Model Product Statement Health And Social Care Essay

The respiratory system consists of the respiratory muscularitys, carry oning descent c beers, lungs, pulmonary vasculature, and environing tissues and constructions ( Fig. 1 ) . Each plays an of import exit in act uponing respiratory responses.Figure 1. Respiratory Anatomy ( 1 )LungsThere be two lungs in the human thorax the right lung is tranquil of three uncomplete divisions c all tolded lobes, and the left lung has two, go awaying room for the bosom. The right lung histories for 55 % of entire muff mountain and the left lung for 45 % . Lung tissue is murky due to really circumstantial ( 200 to 300 10-6 m diameter in regulation lungs at remainder ) gas-filled pits called business sackfulking, which are the crowning(prenominal) constructions for gas exchange. There are 250 million to 350 million dividing line sac in the grownup lung, with a entire dental consonant surface artless of 50 to one C M2s depending on the grade of lung ri interpret prices ( 2 ) .Conduc ting gloriole flightsAir is transported from the ambiance to the air sac get downing with the unwritten and rhinal pits, through the throat ( in the pharynx ) , past the glottal gap, and into the windpipe or trachea. Conduction of air Begins at the office box, or voice box, at the entryway to the windpipe, which is a fibromuscular tubing 10 to 12 centimetre in length and 1.4 to 2.0 centimeter in diameter. At a place called the Carina, the windpipe terminates and divides into the left and right bronchial pipage. Each bronchial tube has a discontinuous cartilaginous support in its wall. Muscle fibres come to to(p) of commanding air passage diameter are incorpo orderd into the walls of the bronchial tube, every bit bang-up as in those of air transitions adpressed to the air sac. Smooth brawniness is present throughout the respiratory bronchiolus and alveolar shtupals but is absent in the last alveolar canal, which terminates in mavin to several air sacs. The alveolar wall s are shared by another(prenominal) air sacs and are composed of extremely fictile and collapsable squamous epithelial tissue cells.The bronchial tube subdivide into subbronchi, which farther subdivide into bronchioli, which upgrade subdivide, and so on, until eventually making the alveolar tip. Each air passage is considered to ramify into two subair shipway. In the grownup homo there are considered to be 23 such ramifications, or coevalss, get downing at the windpipe and stoping in the air sac. Motion of gases in the respiratory airways occurs generally by majority flow ( convection ) throughout the part from the oral colliery to the olfactory organ to the 15th coevals. Beyond the 15th coevals, gas public exposure is comparatively more of import. With the low gas speeds that occur in diffusion, dimensions of the sempiternal over which diffusion occurs ( alveolar infinite ) must be little for equal O bringing into the walls smaller air sac are more efficient in the transpor tation of gas than are bigger 1s ( 2 ) .AlveolussAlveoluss are the constructions through which gases diffuse to and from the organic structure. To guarantee gas exchange occurs expeditiously, alveolar walls are high uply thin. For illustration, the entire tissue oppressiveness between the interior of the air sac to pneumonic capillary stemma plasma is merely approximately 0.4 10-6 m. Consequently, the chief barrier to diffusion occurs at the plasma and ruddy blood cell degree, non at the alveolar tissue layer ( 2 ) .Motion of Air In and Out of the Lungs and the Pressures That Cause the MotionPleural PressureIs the business leader per whole field of get of the fluid in the thin infinite between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura.Alveolar force per unit of measurement disciplineIs the force per unit area of the air inside the lung air sac. To do inward flow of air into the air sac during inspiration, the force per unit area in the air sac must fall to a value somewh at below atmospheric force per unit area.Transpulmonary force per unit areaIt is the force per unit area difference between that in the air sac and that on the satellite surfaces of the lungs, and it is a measuring stick of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to fall in the lungs at each blink of an eye of espiration, called the kick force per unit area. compliance of the LungsThe extent to which the lungs will spread out for each unit accessory in transpulmonary force per unit area ( if adequate clip is allowed to reconstruct equilibrium ) is called the lung residence. The entire conformity of both lungs together in the normal grownup human being norms about 200 millilitres of air per centimetre of H2O transpulmonary force per unit area ( 3 ) .Figure 2. Conformity diagram of lungs in a healthy individual ( 3 ) .Pathophysiology of deprive FailureReversible aetiologies for ablactating blow can be categorized in Respiratory burden, cardiac burden, neuromuscular competen cy, circumstantial unwellness neuromuscular abnormalcies ( CIMMA ) , neuropsychological factors, and metabolic and endocrinal upsets.Respiratory burdenThe determination to try discontinuance of machinelike out-of-door respiration has mostly been base on the clinician s appraisal that the patient is haemodynamically s display board, wake up, the infirmity action has been treated adequately and that indices of minimum ventilator dependence are present. The achiever of ablactating will be dependent on the ability of the respiratory sinew pump to digest the burden placed upon it. This respiratory burden is a map of the opposition and conformity of the ventilator pump.Excess work of draw off a existing ( WOB ) may be imposed by contrasted ventilator scenes ensuing in ventilator dysynchrony ( 4 ) .Reduced pneumonic conformity may be secondary to pneumonia, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pneumonic hydrops, pneumonic fibrosis, pneumonic bleeding or other diseases doing diffuse pn eumonic infiltrates ( 5 ) .Cardiac burdenMany patients cause identified ischemic bosom disease, valvular bosom disease, systolic or diastolic disfunction prior to, or identified during, their critical unwellness. More elusive and less easy recognized are those patients with myocardial disfunction, which is merely evident when exposed to the work load of ablactating ( 5 ) .Neuromuscular competencyLiberation from machinelike ventilation petitions the recommencement of neuromuscular activity to get the better of the voltaic resistance of the respiratory system, to run into metabolic subscribes and to keep C dioxide homeostasis. This look ats an equal signal coevals in the cardinal nervous system, integral transmittance to spinal respiratory motor nerve cells, respiratory musculuss and neuromuscular junctions. fracture of any part of this transmittal may lend to ablactating reverse ( 5 ) .Critical unwellness neuromuscular abnormalciesCINMA are the most common peripheral neurom uscular upsets encountered in the ICU scene and normally affect both musculus and nervus ( 6 ) .Psychological disfunctionCraze, or acute encephalon disfunction Is a perturbation of the degree of cheatledge and rou warble and, in ICU patients, has been associated with umpteen modifiable hazard factors, including usage of psychotropic drugs untreated hurting drawn-out immobilization hypoxaemia anemia sepsis and kip want ( 7 ) .Anxiety and picture Many patients suffer important anxiousness during their ICU stay and the affair of ablactating from robotlike air. These memories of hurt may stay for old ages ( 8 ) .Metabolic perturbationsHypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia all cause musculus failing. Hypothyroidism and Addisons disease may besides lend to hassle ablactating ( 5 ) .NutritionCorpulence The automatic personal effects of fleshiness with reduced respiratory conformity, high shutting volume/functional residuary capacitor ratio and affectionptuou s WOB might be expected to impact on the continuance of robotic public discussion ( 5 ) .Ventilator-induced stop disfunction and critical unwellness aerophilic emphasisVentilator-induced stop disfunction and critical unwellness oxidative emphasis is be as loss of diaphragm force-generating capacity that is specifically related to give of controlled mechanistic airing ( 9 ) .clinical Presentation of PatientsPatients can be classified ad into three groups harmonizing to the trouble and length of the ablactation procedure.The simple ablactation, group 1, includes patients who winningly pass the initial self-generated cultivate a breathing examination ( SBT ) and are triumph blanket(a)y extubated on the first effort. Group 2, hard ablactation, includes patients who require up to three SBT or every bit long as 7 yearss from the first SBT to accomplish successful ablactation. Group 3, prolonged ablactation, includes patients who require more than three SBT or more than 7 yearss of ablactation aft(prenominal) the first SBT ( 5 ) .Clinical Outcomes and EpidemiologyThere is oft grounds that ablactating tends to be delayed, exposing the patient to superfluous uncomfortableness and change magnitude hazard of complications ( 5 ) . Time spent in the ablactation procedure represents 40-50 % of the entire continuance of windup(prenominal) airing ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . ESTEBAN et Al. ( 10 ) exhibit that mortality additions with increasing continuance of mechanical airing, in portion because of complications of drawn-out mechanical airing, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia and airway fault ( 12 ) .The incidence of unknowing extubation ranges 0.3-16 % . In most instances ( 83 % ) , the unplanned extubation is initiated by the patient, while 17 % are inadvertent. Almost half of patients with self-extubation during the wean period do non necessitate reintubation, proposing that many patients are maintained on mechanical airing longer than is necessary ( 5 ) . Addition in the extubation hold between readiness twenty-four hours and effectual extubation significantly increases mortality. In the scene by COPLIN et Al. ( 13 ) , mortality was 12 % if there was no hold in extubation and 27 % when extubation was delayed.Failure of extubation is associated with high mortality rate, each by choosing for bad patients or by bring oning hurtful effects such as aspiration, atelectasis and pneumonia ( 5 ) . Rate of ablactating failure after a individual SBT is describe to be 26- 42 % . Variation in the rate of ablactating failure among surveies is due to differences in the definition of ablactating failure. VALLVERDU et Al. ( 14 ) reported that ablactating failure occurred in every bit many as 61 % of COPD patients, in 41 % of neurological patients and in 38 % of hypoxaemic patients. Contradictory consequences exist sing the rate of ablactating success among neurological patients. The survey by COPLIN et Al. ( 13 ) exhibit that 80 % of patients with a Glasgow coma mark of more than 8 and 91 % of patients with a Glasgow coma mark less than 4 were successfully extubated. In 2,486 patients from six surveies, 524 patients failed SBT and 252 failed extubation after go throughing SBT, taking to a entire deprive failure rate of 31.2 % ( 5 ) . The huge bulk of patients who fail a SBT do so because of an instability between respiratory musculus capacity and the burden placed on the respiratory system. High air passage opposition and low respiratory system conformity contribute to the increased work of take a breathing necessary to take a breath and can take to unsuccessful wrench from mechanical airing ( 15 ) .Economic ImpactMechanical airing is largely used in the intensifier tutelage units ( ICU ) of infirmaries. ICUs typically consume more than 20 % of the fiscal resources of a infirmary ( 16 ) . A survey that analyzed the incidence, cost, and payment of the Medi business concern intensive perplexity unit usage in the Unit ed States ( US ) reveled that mechanical airing costs a amount stopping point to US $ 2,200 per twenty-four hours ( 17 ) . One survey shows that patients in the ICUs having drawn-out mechanical airing represents 6 % of all ventilated patients but consume 37 % of intensive attention unit ( ICU ) resources ( 18 ) . Another survey corroborates this Numberss besides demoing that 5 % to 10 % of ICU patients require drawn-out mechanical airing, and this patient group consumes more than or every bit much as 50 % of ICU patient yearss and ICU resources. Prolonged ventilatory support and chronic ventilator dependence, both in the ICU and non-ICU scenes, have a important and turning impact on health care economic sciences ( 19 ) .DrumheadTreatment OptionWeaning FailureOverviewThe procedure of initial ablactating from the ventilator begins with an appraisal sing preparedness for ablactating. It is so followed by SBT as a diagnostic streak to find the possibility of a successful extubation. Fo r the bulk of patients, the full ablactation procedure involves verification that the patient is ready for extubation. Patients who meet the standards in table 2 should be considered as being ready to ablactate from mechanical airing. These standards are cardinal to gauge the likeliness of a successful SBT in order to avoid tests in patients with a high chance of failure ( 5 ) .Table 2Standards for Measuring Readiness to WeanClinical Appraisal becoming coughAbsence of inordinate tracheobronchial secernment proclamation of disease acute stage for which the patient was intubatedObjective measuringsClinical enduringnessStable cardiovascular position ( i.e. fC ?140 beats*min-1, systolic BP 90-160 mmHg, no or minimum vasopressors )Stable metabolic positionAdequate oxygenationSa, O2 & A gt 90 % on ?FI, O2 0.4 ( or Pa, O2/FI, O2 ?150 mmHg )cheep ?8 cmH2OAdequate pneumonic mapf ?35 breaths*min-1PImax ?-20- -25 cmH2OVe & A lt 10 l*min-1P0.1/PImax & A lt 0.3VT & A gt 5 mL*kg-1VC & A gt 10 mL*kg-1f/VT & A lt cv breaths*min-1*L-1 wander & A gt 13 ml*breaths-1*min-1No important respiratory acidosisAdequate thinkingNo sedation or equal thinking on sedation ( or stable neurologic patient )Taken from ( 5 ) and ( 15 ) . fC cardiac relative frequency BP blood force per unit area Sa, O2 arterial O intensity FI, O2 inspiratory O fraction Pa, O2 arterial O tenseness PEEP positive end-expiratory force per unit area degree Fahrenheit respiratory oftenness PImax maximum inspiratory force per unit area VT tidal volume VC critical capacity CROP integrative powerfulness of conformity. 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa.Harmonizing to an adept panel, among these standards merely seven variables have some prognostic potency min airing ( VE ) , maximal inspiratory force per unit area ( PImax ) , tidal volume ( VT ) , take a breathing frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) , the ratio of take a breathing frequence to tidal volume ( f/VT ) , P0.1/PImax ( ratio of airway occlusion for ce per unit area 0.1 s after the oncoming of inspiratory effort to maximal inspiratory force per unit area ) , and CROP ( integrative indicant of conformity, rate, oxygenation, and force per unit area ) ( 20 ) .Minute VentilationMinute airing is the entire lung airing per jiffy, the merchandise of tidal volume and respiration rate ( 21 ) . It is step by measuring the sum of gas expired by the patients lungs. Mathematicly, fine airing can be calculated after this expressionIt is reported that a VE less than 10 litres/minute is associated with ablactating success ( 22 ) . early(a) surveies found that VE values more than 15-20 litres/minute are helpful in placing if a patient is improbable to be liberated from mechanical airing but lower values were non helpful in foretelling successful release ( 15 ) . A more recent survey reason out that short VE recovery times ( 3-4 proceedingss ) after a 2-hour SBT can assist in finding respiratory modesty and predict the success of extubati on ( 23 ) .When mechanical airing takes topographic point, this parametric quantity is calculated monitor flow and force per unit area by the ventilator in usage itself or by an independent device attached to the air passage circulation system such as the Respironics NM3 by Phillips Medical. Other ways to find minute airing are by mensurating the electric resistance across the thoracic pit ( 24 ) . This method though, is invasive and requires implanted electrodes.Maximal inspiratory PressureMaximal inspiration force per unit area is the maximal force per unit area within the air sac of the lungs that occurs during a full inspiration ( 21 ) . Is it normally used to prove respiratory musculus strength. On patients in the ICU or those non capable to collaborate, the PImax is measured by obstructing the terminal of the endotracheal tubing for a period of clip close to 22 seconds with a one-way valve that merely allows the patient to expire. This constellation leads to increasing inspir atory attempt mensurating PImax towards the terminal of the occlusion period. However PImax is non plenty to foretell faithfully the likelihood of successful ablactating due to low specifity ( 15 ) . The measuring of PImax can be performed by devices equipped with force per unit area detectors.Tidal VolumeTidal volume is the sum of air inhaled and exhaled during normal airing ( 21 ) . Spontaneous tidal volumes greater than 5 ml/kg can foretell ablactating solving ( 25 ) . More recent surveies found that a technique that measures the sum of regularity in a series analysing approximative information of tidal volume and international respiration frequence forms is a effectual index of reversibility of respiratory failure. A low approximate information that reflects regular tidal volume and respiratory frequence forms is a good index of ablactating success ( 26 ) . Tidal volume can be measured utilizing a pneumotachographic device.Breathing absolute frequencyThe grade of regularit y in the form of the external respiration frequence shown by approximative information instead than the absolute value of the external respiration frequence is been proven to be utile in know aparting between ablactating success and failure ( 26 ) . The take a breathing rate or frequence is measured by numbering the external respiration rhythms per a defined period of clip.The Ratio of Breathing Frequency to Tidal VolumeYang and Tobin 18 so performed a prospective survey of 100 medical patients having mechanical airing in the ICU in which they demonstrated that the ratio of frequence to tidal volume ( rapid shoal take a breathing index ( RSBI ) ) obtained during the first 1 minute of a T-piece test and at a threshold value of ?105 breaths/minute/l was a significantly better forecaster of ablactating results However, there carcass a rule defect in the RSBI it can bring forth inordinate false positive anticipations ( that is, patients fail ablactating outcome even when RSBI is ?105 breaths/minute/l ) 35-36 Besides, the RSBI has less prognostic power in the attention of patients who need ventilatory support for more than 8 yearss and may be less utile in chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and aged patients 37-39 .The Ratio of Airway Occlusion Pressure to Maximal Inspiratory PressureThe airway occlusion force per unit area ( P0.1 ) is the force per unit area measured at the air passage opening 0.1 s after animating against an occluded air passage 42 . The P0.1 is attempt independent and correlates good with cardinal respiratory thrust. When combined with PImax, the P0.1/PImax ratio at a value of & A lt 0.3 has been found to be a good early forecaster of ablactating success 11,43 and may be more utile than either P0.1 or PImax entirely. Previously, the clinical usage of P0.1/PImax has been limited by the demand of particular instrumentality at the bedside nevertheless, new and modern ventilators are combine respiratory mechanics faculties th at provide numerical and graphical shows of P0.1 and PImax.Air manner ResistanceCropThe CROP index is an integrative index that incorporates several steps of preparedness for release from mechanical airing, such as dynamic respiratory system conformity ( Crs ) , self-generated external respiration frequence ( degree Fahrenheit ) , arterial to alveolar oxygenation ( partial force per unit area of arterial O ( PaO2 ) /partial force per unit area of alveolar O ( PAO2 ) ) , and PImax in the undermentioned relationshipCROP = Crs PImax ( PaO2/PAO2 ) /fwherePAO2 = ( PB-47 ) FiO2 PaCO2/0.85and PB is barometric force per unit area. The CROP index assesses the relationship between the demands placed on the respiratory system and the ability of the respiratory musculuss to manage them 18 . Yang and Tobin 18 reported that a CROP value & A gt 13 ml/breaths/minute offers a moderately accurate forecaster of ablactating mechanical airing result. In 81 COPD patients, Alvisi and co-worker s 39 showed that a CROP index at a threshold value of & A gt 16 ml/breaths/minute is a good forecaster of ablactating result. However, one disadvantage of the CROP index is that it is slightly cumbrous to utilize in the clinical scene as it requires measurings of many variables with the possible hazard of mistakes in the measuring techniques or the measuring device, which can significantly impact the value of the CROP index.Clinical Treatment ProfilesCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Gross Domestic Product

Lecture Notes on Measuring the Economy By Melcah T. Pascua National Income invoice The primary measure of the economys performance is its annual derive output of goods and services or, as it is c bothed, its aggregate output. Aggregate output is tagged Gross house servant Product (gross domestic product) the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a given year. Three approaches of calculation GDP. 1. The Expenditure Approach (Output Approach) Personal Consumption Expenditure (C) xxxxx Gross common soldier domestic help Investment (Ig). . xxxxx Government Spending (G). xxxxx Net Exports (Xn). .. . xxxxx Gross Domestic Product xxxxxxx (C + Ig + G + Xn) 2. The Income Approach (Allocation or Earnings Approach) compensation of Employees. . xxxxx Rents. .. xxxxx Interest.. xxxxx Proprietors Income.. xxxxx Corporate Profits. xxxxx Corporate Income Taxes . xxxxx Dividends.. xxxxx undistributed Corporate Profits. xxxx National Income.. xxxxx Indirect Business Taxes. .. xxxxx Consumption of fix Capital. xxxxx Net Foreign Factor Income Earned in hearthstone country. . xxxxx Gross Domestic Product . xxxxx 3. The Industry-Origin Approach (Value-Added Approach) farming, hunting, forestry, and fishing. .. xxxx Agriculture and forestry. . xxxx Fishing.. xxxx Industry. . .. xxxx Mining and quarrying. xxx Manufacturing. . xxxx Construction. . xxxx Electricity, gas, and weewee. .. xxxx Service sector.. . xxxx Transport, storage. . xxxx Trade and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, individualized andhousehold goods and communication.. xxxx Financial intermediation genuinely estate, renting and byplay activities. xxxx Public administrationand defense compulsory social security.. xxxx separate services . xxxxGross Domestic Product . . Xxxx Other National Accounts Net Domestic Product (NDP) NDP = GDP Consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) National Income (NI) NI = NDP Net foreign factor income Indirect Business Taxes Personal Incom e (PI) PI = NI Corporate Income Taxes Undistributed Corporate Profits Social security contributions + Transfer Payments Disposable Income (DI) = C+S DI = PI Personal Taxes Where C = Consumption S = Savings nominal phrase GDP vs. real number GDP Hypothetical Data of an Economy Year Units of footing per Price unadjusted / Adjusted / Output unit of index Nominal GDP Real GDP output 1 5 10 2 7 20 3 8 25 4 10 30 5 11 28 Price of the current year Price Index = X 100 Price of the base year Nominal GDP =Price X Quantity Nominal GDP Real GDP = X 100 Price Index

Comparative of the Great Gatsby, Casablanca and Translations Essay

The texts which I strike examine in my comparative course atomic number 18 The Great Gatsby (G.G.) written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Casablanca (C.B.) directed by Micheal Curtiz and Translations (T.) written by Brian Friel. The cultural condition of alto compassher triplet texts impacts on how and why the mess stand the appearance they do. In this essay I testament examine the ele campaign forcets which I thought had the roughly significant impact on the characters which contri plainlyed to their behaviour passim the narratives. The first typeface I will examine is the setting of all texts how it impacts on the way in which the main characters act and the consequences it has on their behaviour. G.G. is set in the booming Twenties in the States. Fitzgerald set G.G. in an altered version of tenacious Island and Manhattan where Great and Manhasset Neck became East and West Egg and the large landfill target at Flushing is renamed the valley of ashes. This glamorous decade of the 1920s was one of big cultural, artistic and social developments.WWI had ended in 1918 and left plurality disillusioned. This propagation that fought and survived were the lost generation. At this clock, America passmed to throw itself head want into a decade of madcap behaviour and materialism. This era, also known as The spang Age was improvised and wild, jazz broke the rules of music just as The Jazz Age thumbed its nose at the rules of the past. Now, the American vision became prominent and the idea of America being a land of fortune was challenged and people came to believe that a determined and able individual could earn anything, regardless of their social background. This was a pursuit of wealth. G.G., unlike the other 2 texts is set in a time where although having just came out of war, no other country imposed on Americas freedom, which I specify led to freer morals and loser behaviour among the people (for employment, the widespread infidelity).Unlike G.G., C.B is set in Moroccos real costal urban center of Casablanca under Vichy French rule (a puppet administration for the Germans) during the early years of WWII. At this time, people from all over the world, especially Nazi occupy Europe, came to Casablanca. Some trying to escape and others, scam artists trying to get rich. It is depict as a torturous refugee trail to reach Casablanca where they wait for mountain pass visas (letters of transit) to escape. The social setting of C.B. is presented to us as we reveal a domain revolving slowly at the beginning of the film. An authoritative male voice gives us the time setting for the film.The main action of the film covers tether capital time in the life of twist approximately Blaine, an American who has fled from Paris as the Nazis occupied it. He has set up a caf in CB as he tried to forget his past and a disastrous love map. squirms Caf Americano is the most popular hang out, a take aim where wraithlike dealing s and gambling take place. T. differs from ii texts as it celebrates the day-to-day and the wittiness and humour the mundane. Unlike G.G. and CB, T is non remotely glamorized. However, T and CB be alike in the superstar that both texts contain people who puree to gain their countries liberty.The setting of the play T. is a small rural Irish speaking community in the fictional townland of Baile Beag in County Donegal. The year is 1833 and Ireland is under British Rule and federal agency of the British Empire. It is a community of live farmers and fishermen where inhabitants eke out a living from the land by growing potatoes by fishing or by rearing livestock. The local people anguish about the possibility of potato blight, unlike the people in CB and GG who argon hungry for achieving money through championship and corrupt practices. The people of Baile Beag are dependent on the land, this is poignant considering the play is set non long before the Great Famine. in that location are very few employ opportunities in the field of view and people are shabbily dressed, whereas in both alternative texts the main characters have a demure fashion sense and look to be rich.However, like CB the people are eager to take flight their county in T. Emigration is among the options available to those who want to better their situation. The British force arrives in Baile Beag to conduct a survey of the area in say to exploit a new map and the soldiers are required to accommodate the place names as they go along. The changing of the ancient place names will have a ruinous destructive termination on the culture of the area. The new English names are both meaningless and empty. Another aspect which I feel is a primal factor in all three texts is the role of both men and women and how each sex act towards each other. The three narratives reflect corresponding values in relation to males being the dominating sex and frequently in a negative context. They are comm further the bread winners and greatest to women. In GG, turkey cock Buchannan is very negatively portrayed. He is powerful and aggressive.We see Toms belligerent personality when he is physically ignominious to myrtle by breaking her nose with his open come about. Myrtle and Tom are both married to other people, barely have an occasion together. Tom is self absorbed and selfish, he does not give his married woman Daisy a second thought when being unfaithful. This theme of negatively depicting men is also prominent in CB, Rick is selfish I dont stick my neck out for anyone. In CB, Rick is shown not to respect Yvonne. He sends her on her way with a measuring stick man who works for him because he thinks she is too drunk, Ugarte responds to this action, you cannot throw women around like that, some day they may be scarce. In all three texts alike, men fight for the love of a woman, which is illustrated in a macho sense. In GG Tom and Jay fight for Daisys love., in CB Rick and Laslo fight for Ilsas love and in T George and handwriting fight for Maries love. Aspiration and optimism is a common factor crosswise the three texts.Daisy aspires to make it work with Tom, Ilsa wants to work her relationship with Laslo out and Marie will rekindle her love when George returns. all(a) three women live in promise for a better tomorrow. The role of women is a common feature in each the texts. In all three women have no independence they rely on the men to provide for them. They do not work and are all seen as puny. They are all dominated by men and accept this fact. In GG, Daisy is rich and lives a luxurious lifestyle. Daisy is a lazy character, She made an effort to rise when Nick entered the room but was paralysed with happiness. Daisy states, Ive been lying on that sofa for as long as I can remember and says We ought to plan something to Jordan. However, she is presented as being unhappy she cried and cried, she describes her own daughter is seen as being a p retty little fool. Daisy also engages in an affair with Jay Gatsby, the culture causes Daisy to behave in this immoral manner.In CB, women rely on men to make a life for them and free them from the confinement of Casablanca. They are portrayed as being vulnerable. Ilsa relies on the men, Rick or Lazlo to get her the letters of transit. The women in CB conform to the traditional roles In T. again, women have no independence, they depend merely on men to work and provide for them. Sarah succeeds in overcoming speech difficulty, but is then worse at the end of the play. She is presented as being weak and shy. She has a waif-like appearance. In my opinion, Sarah epitomises the suggested fragility and vulnerability of women. But, Marie on the other hand is a strong character. She is a hard worker look at the blisters and makes an outspoken decision not to marry Manus, solely as a means of survival. too in all three texts, we capture a soft and loving side to the women Ilsa loves both R ick and Lazlo. But these loves are very different. Daisy loves her daughter tenderly and Marie falls in love with George. Although the three texts are alike in a sense, on that point is a great variation in the types of women we encounter across the three texts. In GG Myrtle is a huffy character, she stands up for herself to Tom Ill say any(prenominal) I like but is dominated by him, the man whom she is having an affair with. He breaks her nose and she carries on meeting with him. Myrtles feisty independence has tho a contradiction on itself however, as she only moves from ones mans dominance to another. She is under the control of her husband who has to provide for her. Jordan also has an incurable dishonesty I dont think she comes across as a nice character but I do not blame the characters for engaging in such dishonesty but only the culture in which they live.Another aspect of the cultural context which I feel contributes to how and why the people in the texts behave the way the do is religion. In the world of the three texts, religion is not an integral part of everyday life. It is not significant in their lives. Interestingly, in GG a prevalent symbol within this novel is the billboard eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg. The eyes symbolize the loss of spectral values in America. The billboard was erected to promote the business of an optometrist in Queensborough the eyes symbolize the growing commercialism of America life in America is all about making money, a lot of money as evidenced by the wealth of people like Tom Buchanan a mans success is measured in terms of how much money he is worth, not on what kind of person he may be morally.The billboard, like the spiritual values of America, is neglected But his eyes, dimmed a little by many paintless days, under sun and rain, brood on over the fearful dumping ground. The old-fashioned values of America, which Nick Carraway returns to reconnect with in the mid-West are in all absent from the East, God seems to have abandoned America, leaving only Dr. T.J. Eckleburg can to stare down with his empty eyes on people who have abandoned their spiritual values in the quest to achieve material wealth. In CB, religion is irrelevant in their lives. They have no time for religion. We see one reference to religion throughout this film which was when Ilsa tell to Rick a heartfelt Bless you, however this still does not suggest a religion had a major role in the text. The lack of religion, I think is due to the diverse multi-cultural society. CB is a impermanent destination for people fleeing.In stark contrast, in T we see an abundance of religious references which show us the extent of their faith. In this society, religion plays an integral part and influences their behaviour. It is a constant feature of their everyday lives and converse God save us and The Gods truth. All the characters have a strong, unflinching catholic faith. Religion is used as a crutch to help people get through t he harsh realities of their lives. angelical God did the practise crop ever fail in Baile Beag neer, this is an emphatic statement. Never shows their trust and faith in God it is a solace from their meagre and primitive existence. Religion fortifies them. Religion takes place in baptisms, wakes and funerals. on that point is a big difference in the prevalence and say-so of religion in the three texts. There is another aspect which I feel impacts significantly on how and why the people in the three texts act the way they do, alcoholic drink.There is a parity across all three texts. Alcohol is used for both celebration and repose. In GG, alcohol is prohibited. Although it is illegal, it can be seen everywhere throughout the text. People who stayed sober were regarded as deplorable and boring. The ban of alcohol (The Prohibition) created a well-off underworld designed to satisfy the massive demand for bootleg spirits among rich and curt alike. Alcohol is seen as a source of c omfort for Daisy on her wedding day to escape the harsh reality of not having Tom as drunk as a monkey. The intoxicating abuse of alcohol is also something that contributed to the death of Myrtle. GG is unlike CB where alcohol is seen as a way of socialising in this society. All the action throughout the film takes place in Ricks caf where alcohol plays a major role. Similarly to GG, we see alcohol being consumed for both celebration and comfort. Ricks toast to Ilsa here(predicate)s looking at you kid with champagne is seen as them exploitation alcohol to celebrate their future.Although we see Rick angry, bitter and so profoundly hurt by the return of Ilsa that he drinks heavily. In Ricks time of discouragement he lashes out at Ilsa as a result of alcohol which is the only time we see the abuse of alcohol. However, in T alcohol is used as a sign of celebration whether it religious or social. When Owen returns home he promises his father You and I are going to get footless drunk . Hugh is seen to alship canal of has consumed an amount of alcohol and never appears sober. I feel alcohol is a key factor that results in the people of the narratives acting the way they do. The final aspect I will search which I think influences the varied societies to behave in certain ways is their social status, wealth and poverty.There is a stark contrast in the event of wealth in all three texts. In GG there is an abundance or wealth, opulence and extravagance. The majority of the characters live in an area of over indulgence. We learn that Tom gave Daisy a string of pearls valued at $3500. Social snobbery is prevalent for instance, servants. Jay Gatsby hosts lavish parties an there is no disbursement spared. His ostentatious mansion was bought to only please Daisy to try and woo her. George Wilson is an example of complete contrast to Jay, he lives in extreme poverty. The interior of his service department is described as un-prosperous and baseIn CB we see an obvious ful lness in formal dress and gambling but not to the analogous extent as in GG. However, CB is similar to GG in the sense that wealth grants one power and freedom. Ricks lucrative business puts him in the position of authority but in my opinion the transit paper appear to be the most valuable currency. T is the antithesis to the other two texts. The society is present as primitive and destitute. People are poor peasants who are dispossessed. The annual salary for a teacher is 56 pounds, frankincense highlights the poverty in contrast to the other two texts. I think there is a strong sense of stagnation in this text. There is a lack of finance reflects in the lack of health disturbance and infant mortality.Maire knows she has to learn English to move forward economically. There are gedge schools where children are educated in comparison to the mansions in the GG. malnourishment is prominent and is due to the lack of proper food. Sarah is described as waif-like. done my study of the comparative texts, I have found that the cultural context of the narratives impacts on how and why the people behave the way they do. It allowed me to establish a greater understanding of the characters themselves and to appreciate the circumstances at a deeper take in the lives of the protagonists.

Program Summary Essay

The surgical border of a platforms development is to accept what exactly the syllabus is, and what armorial bearing they mystify forth to achieve. Regarding the farthermost West round-eyed Schools organization tutelage where they work as a team make full with pargonnts, and rung who argon dedicated to creating a caring, exciting environment that promotes responsibility, ego esteem, and academic achievement where differences be valued and learning is a womb-to-tomb goal. Although the mission promotes responsibility the school lacks in side of meat proficiency.This architectural planme weapons platformme is undeveloped because the cater is lacking the qualifications they atomic number 18 teaching the children using non certain or non licensed skills. The material call for to be upgraded via the English curricula. In order for the particular English proficiency (LEP) skills to grow the qualifications of the staff moldiness be qualified. Within this course of st udy it pass on provide thoroughness, communication, and financial management. These elements atomic number 18 needed because it get out general anatomy the morale of the political platform, the current staff and students skills, and the confederation of the low cost area of Far West elementary School.Assessments Assessments pull up s guides be to analyze the programs purpose and its empowerment. According to, Gutierrez (1994) defines empowerment as the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that mortals, families, and communities tail end catch action to rectify their situations. I chose this quote because I felt it flora sound with the school and how one can increase their skills when it comes to defining the process and determining the goal.The assessments determine if the faculty member is qualified to teach in a professional manner? The assessments give be constructed by licensed bilingual counselors who document the knowledge, skills , and beliefs of the staff it leave behind focus on the side studies, the learning styles, and experimental work (Wikipedia, 2009) of students as well. Once the staff members are increasing their English proficiency skills the students leave alone then hold out to a greater extent advanced. This provide serve as the process used for the staff world a positive outcome.The process allow prove that the development of the aim was mea acceptedd it will identify the measure used to develop the plan, which were the workshop sessions. The selective information collected will be the presented through the students and their English skills increasing. The reporting and results will follow by the many programs that will be saturnineered, by the families of the students skills alter, and the training of enrolling new students and staff at heart the school. The thoroughness the program will reflect will show how eager it is increasing the English skill in the residential area.It wil l drain all energy taken with the counselors using with their senior skills, in making sure all nerves of the programs session are passed. This will include the performance of the community, the faculty, and the productiveness of the students. The measures the program assessments will take will be resourceful in present and future lives of the students. They will be constructed to abide by the mission of the school. Needs and Problem educational activity The programs needs and problem assessments would be to evaluate the staff and improve their proficiently in teaching the English language.Specific needs of the program to be focused on are alternative certification program, special aliment for teachers, and improving the skills for high gearer education. The influences and expectations play in a role in administrators role of the agency because the significance of it is to connect with their staff and oversea that duties of the agency are existence done. According, to Far West Elementary School administrators their needs are to make sure that the (LEP) skills are increase by making sure the staff are taking gain of all the training programs offered by the counselors and funders.Administrators are to make sure the thrust is on in reading the fact that achieving the (LEP) skill betters the elementary school, the staff guiding and forcing the direction. The problem occurs when there arent any funds being allocated for the program. Program Planning Grant funding will be set through the proposal planning for the program. The program will propose the governance with its attribute and prove the program should is qualified enough for their funds. By, introducing yourself and introducing the program that you command funded, it will benefit the throng of the community.The function of the grant proposal is to lead you to communicate and present your proposal of the plan or program is flavor for funding. The purpose of the proposal is to gain funds for a pro gram that will better someone or families. The purpose is to present your program beforehand it is even considered a program. Grant proposals relates to a program plan by proposing ideas, suggesting programs or simply bringing new ideas to the table that need to be approved and funded. They both take in considerations to help otherwises and address problems within a community.Communication is the element the program will be outstrip at and portray. The relevance of communication in the program is top high because its used to connect the staff, students and their families and show whats most central each other. Talking and expressing their needs of why increasing the limited English proficiency skill is the number one key within this program. alternate funding Alternate funding will be the bonding aspect within the program. It will include Ideas of nontraditional funding which includes activities that involve the community more than the government.The program is locating funding through fundraising like raffling off tickets for prizes consequently more people will participate knowing they can win a prize. Another alternate funding strategy would be selling dinners in the community for reasonable prices the program staff will present talent shows for the community which they will participate in as well. Activities will be listed as, special events like face painting and pass along racing would bring more funds to the program. Another idea would be client donations where the staff will donate to the program, whether its volunteering or free a money donation.A funding institution that works with human being service organizations is Administration for Children & Families (AFC). Its mission along with Health and pitying Services (HHS) is responsible for federal programs that promote the economic and social well being of families, children, individuals, and communities, (AFC, 2011). The expectations for evaluating this funding institution are campaigning to rescue and refer families, family and youth serve, administration development, child care bureau and many other programs they set to fulfill through their expectations of the ommunity. These expectations influence the evaluation plan and programs by staying true to their mission and achieving their goals. Implementation The implementation of the program will be tedious, long and drawn out however its all for a good cause.During the process and outcomes stage, the process will evaluate the documented and monitored interventions taken for the staff and describe the importance of the program. The data will acknowledge and understand why the skills need to be improved. It will prove why it satisfying in the targeted community.The implementation that will be put forth and complete will show through the structure of the program. Also the stakeholders are the people who invest in the program to develop the skills therefore they are implementing the program as well. Once the proposa l was presented to them their share and interest in the program wasnt just want they invested in the agency but an veridical investment. With having a better understanding of the mission of the agency and what the team, parents and staff are dedicated in achieving the stakeholders know for a fact that the group they are investing in has significant obligations they wish to fulfill.Evaluation The evaluation of the program will be based on the community of Far West, a suburb of New Hampshire Far West community that holds a universe of discourse of 30,000 where the elementary school holds 700 with 30% of the students who have relocated from a unknown country. Being that the students are from an Asian decent background they have limited experience in English writing, reading and speaking skills. The evaluation of the program opportunity is to improve the limited English proficiency (LEP) skills for teachers, students, and their families.It will evaluate what it negative in the progra m that needs fixing, it will allow the individual to see the reality of how building a program can very determine whether the program is qualified or not. Conducting assessments will provide the program with information of services at that are needed or services that are not, therefore funds will be saved in the program. Judging whether or not the staff is qualified will also demonstrate evaluations for further training.The evaluation of the program will cover needs being addresses, staff nderstanding and building a rapport with the students and staff and always and follow the mission and value statements of the agency. The evaluation will make sure projects being funded properly, all and outcomes of the programs strengthens the organization. During the empowerment evaluation process it will acknowledge who exactly needs their skills to be improved. Counselors will overlook classroom settings and become involved with the students, and allow them to give me their reasons on why wa nting to improve their LEP skills.Staff and students participate with each other in improving the (LEP) skill. It will offer workshops with professional leaders who will oversee activities in upgrading certificates to licenses therefore the teachers are developing the programs for the students and promoting a professional outlook of the programs. The importance of this program is to improve the skills of limited English proficiency, in the Far West Elementary School located in a low income housing community.This program was chosen for this location because of the presence of families with foreign backgrounds. The program focuses on improving the skill for parents as well, being they involved in the community as well. Overall the importance of the program summary is to provide thoroughness, communication and build the morale of the program the current staff, students and parents to work together and achieve its mission to better the skills within the school, and the community of the low cost area of Far West Elementary.

Comparison of Common Law and Civil Law Essay

COMMON LAW(characteristics)for comparing or contrast place Common police force transcriptions ar for the most part found in motive(prenominal) british colony and protectorate including US, it is less prescriptive than civilian constabulary system,citizens are benefited by reenactment and mandate in unique(predicate) fields.more lots are the implied toll usage. 1)represents the law of courts as expressed in discriminatory decision 2) found on precedents provided by past judicial decisions,no written statues or prescribed texts 3)trial by the jury and the doctrine of the supremacy of the law(originally meant king preceding(prenominal) law,now means acts of authoritiesall agencies are subject to scruting in ordinary legal proceedings) 4)everything is permitted which is not prohibited by law5)binding ,overruling through same court or legislationJudicial precedents derive their force from the doctrine of stare decisionslat= weather by the decided matteri.e that the prev ious decisions of the highest court in the jurisdiction are binding on all other courts in the jurisdiction changing conditions,however soon make most decisions inapplicable except as a basis for analogy, and a court must therefore a great deal sense of smell to the judicial experience of the rest of the English speaking world.This gives the system flexibleness while general acceptance of cetain authoritative materials provides a degree of stability.Neverthless,in many another(prenominal) instances, courts have failed to keep pace with social developments and it has become necessary to enact statues to bring about needed changes.In recent years ,statutes have superseded very much of common law,notablyin the fields of commercial administrative and criminal law,typically however in statutory interpretation the courts have recourse to the doctrines of common law.Thus increase legislation is limited but has not ended judicial supremacy. A common law system is slackly less prescrip tive than a civil law system. A government may therefore proclivity to enshrine protections of its citizens in specific legislation related to the infrastructure schedule be contemplated. For example, it may wish to prohibit the service provider from neat off the water or electricity supply of bad payers. amuse go to Legislation and Regulationsections for more information on this. There are few provisions implied into a signalize under the common law system it is therefore important to set out ALL the terms governing the relationship between the parties to a slenderize in the sign itself. This will often result in a contract being longer than one in a civil law country. obliging LAW(CHARACTERISITICS)1)based on statues and prescribed texts.2)available in written form, specific codes covering mostly3)corporate,tax income,constitution with basic rights and duties4)only legislative enactments are binding5)precedents are to be engageedCountries chase a civil law system are typ ically those that were former French, Dutch, German, Spanish or Portuguese colonies or protectorates, including much of Central and sulphur America. Also, most of the Central and Eastern European and East Asian countries borrow a civil law structure. The civil law system is a codified system of law. It takes its origins from Roman law. Features of a civil law system include * There is generally a written constitution based on specific codes (e.g., civil code, codes covering corporate law, administrative law, tax law and constitutional law) enshrining basic rights and duties administrative law is however usually less codified and administrative court judges tend to get along more like common law judges * Only legislative enactments are considered binding for all.There is little scope for judge-made law in civil, criminal and commercial courts, although in practice judges tend to follow previous judicial decisions consitutional and administrative courts erect nullify laws and reg ulations and their decisions in such(prenominal) cases are binding for all. * In some civil law systems, e.g., Germany, literature of legal scholars have significant influence on the courts * Courts specific to the fundamental codes there are therefore usually separate constitutional court, administrative court and civil court systems that opine on consistency of legislation and administrative acts with and interpret that specific code * Less freedom of contract many provisions are implied into the contract by law and parties cannot contract out of certain provisions.A civil law system is generally more prescriptive than a common law system. However, a government will still need to consider whether specific legislation is need to either limit the scope of a certain restriction to impart a successful infrastructure project, or may require specific legislation for a sector. Please go to Legislation and Regulation and Organizing government activity to think PPP sections for more information on this.There are a number of provisions implied into a contract under the civil law system less importance is generally placed on setting out ALL the terms governing the relationship between the parties to a contract in the contract itself as inadequacies or ambiguities can be remedied or resolved by operation of law. This will often result in a contract being shorter than one in a common law country.It is also important to note in the area of infrastructure that certain forms of infrastructure projects are referred to by well-defined legal concepts in civil law jurisdictions. Concessions and Affermage have a distinct technical meaning and structure to them that may not be silent or applied in a common law country. foreboding should be taken, therefore, in applying these terms loosely. This is further considered under Agreements.

Speak About Riots

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome. I am . , a politically dynamical student. The Mayor of London has invited me, to devote a speech slightly riots in London. I would also talk about what we croupe do to foresee a similar incident. As mentioned, my speech today testament primarily be about riots and some several reasons for that. Moreover, I will give some suggestions about what we can do to prevent the riots. I will focus on what the society can do to solve this situation. I will also speech about what the p bents and the t individuallyers can do for financial backing the children out of the riots.If some of you dont know what riots atomic number 18. I can tell you that it is a form of civil disorder which is characterized by groups how whipping out in a rash of violence against authority, property or slew. The riots start on August the 4th, because a policeman killed an Afro-Caribbean man. His family has decided to microscope stage a peaceful protest but it ended out of contr ol. The commerce was diverted and people started crashing, smashing and looting. For many people, it was a staggering situations and in all unrealistic. The big question is What be the reasons for riots?The protest for the Afro-Caribbean man was just an fortune to show their dissatisfaction for the society. Big parts of the population are talking about how the policemen were not able to stop the criminality from vandalising and stealing. The word about riots was send to South London. Due to this change of area, it is clearly that they accommodate entirely opposite motives from here on. People all over London induct begun to specify different sorts of riots. The motive for many of the criminals became making money, pure terror, havoc and drop out stuff.We can conclude that these different episodes with riots have nothing to do with each other. Experts are discussing what the motives are. They have formed some theories about the motives and the close mentioned arguments are unemployment, poverty and gang related crime. There are kids eat up to an age of 9 how robbed homes, stores and businesses. Among the childlyest riots are kids who are looking for a rush. The main(prenominal) argument for riots is that it has something to do with unemployment. Unemployment results in poverty.Many people have tendencies to compare themselves with the fraternity and therefore want the lower class to notice up with the spirit and higher class. By use of riots has the lower class seen an opportunity to assoil money to gain a position in the middleclass. The lower classes are blaming the high class for their criminality, because the poor are unhappy with the balance among themselves and the rich part of their country. The youth unemployment rate is low, which result in that 1 out of 5 are not in work.The university are more expensive than ever, and that is the reasons why some of the small people lose hold for the higher education. The young people are unhapp y with their present situation. They are getting more disenfranchised, so they have to be heard. In former times was it the black people who were victimized, but today it is the young people. The young people make riots, as an excuse to show their dissatisfaction with the society. The motive for the young people to make riots is to be a part of something bigger.Many have seen that the bulk of the spotted participants in the riots are between the age of 14 and 18. almost of the people in London, who participate in the riots, are doing it because everybody else is doing it. They persuade each other by means of text message. Many of the riots have occurred as a result of the extreme use of the social media. A sore problem is that they also use a Blackberry to spread the word, which affect that the communication is hidden from the police. We have to stop this young people and armed service them to behave in a better way.If they are old comely to make the crime, they are old enough to face the consequents. There are no correct answers to prevent new riots, but we know the reasons for these riots and the problems in the society. We cannot eliminate the inequality, it is impossible, but we can try to reduce it. We have to keep together and try to save our society. We have to protect the children from the criminality and sustain the familys how have problem at home. The parents have to take a responsibility and be role models.The police have to take put up immediately and show that this behaviour will not be tolerated. They have to arrest the people how make riots, so they not keep on with the crime. More than 1200 of the rioters have already been arrested. Due to the modern technology, many of the participants have had their image caught, which means that they will be arrested later. In the future bespeak the police a system, so they can find out what the people are encouraging encourage each other and make plans for black actions.

Creation of the Whites Essay

The Creation of the Whites is a story around the whites coming over and slowly bulge show uping to colonize what they called the new world. This story shows the whites and the ingrained Americans be very peaceful towards each separate. The whites ask permission to the Native Americans for close every function they do in the new world. Although the whites try to be valueful there are still signs that they consider their selves superior over the Native Americans. In this story it shows the whites coming over the sea and starting to eventually start colonizing the new world. They mystify over the first time and the Native Americans come up to see them nevertheless they leave on their, what the natives called house gravy boat almost immediately. The next time the whites came they tried to talk to the Native Americans but they could not understand each other. The whites came plunk for with more ships the next stratum and asked the Native Americans to come to edge and event ually did. The whites decided to leave over again shortly after they showed up. Then the whites came back again three months afterward(prenominal) and asked the Native Americans for whatsoever earth to fill a box and the natives gave it to them. The whites later came back and let the Native Americans know the ground is fertile.The whites then asked for some land to live on and the Native Americans gave them permission. The thing that amazes me most about this document set is how the Native Americans and whites get along so well. In later times in history the Native Americans and whites rarely got along as well as they did in this story. The whites seem to really respect the Native Americans for most of the story. They ask permission just to come to shore and put dirt in a box. Later on the whites in like manner ask permission to use some of the Native Americans land. The stories that we hear from later times are of the whites pushing the Native Americans mutilate there land wi thout getting permission. The Native Americans pee the whites everything they ask for which likewise surprises me a lot. The Native Americans have lived on the land for many long time and it surprises me that they would give some of their land up to people who they thought were created out of sea foam. The Yuchis believed that their tribe originated from the sun and the whites originated from sea foam.I understand that they wear thint know much about the whites beliefs that they are they superior socialisation but I am still surprised the Native Americans would give up their land. The Native Americans were very generous to the whites. The whitesseemed to respect the Native Americans other than when they tested the land to see if it was fertile which may have shone a lack of trust. The Native Americans had been living on the land for many historic period and the whites could have easily trusted the Native Americans that the land was fertile. They even came back and told the Nati ve Americans that their land was fertile. This shows part of the whites belief that they are the superior culture. The whites seemed to be very respectful throughout the story. They asked permission for everything they wanted to do. The only thing I saw the whites do that showed that they might of lacked trust in the Native Americans was test the ground to see if it was fertile. This story shows that the whites and the Native Americans did not continuously have big conflicts.

Business ownerships Essay

The different types of crease avowerships arSole trader.When plainly one soul owns the occupancy. They do not sh ar the profits with anyone a resole trader is somebody who controls his/her own concern. Have un especial(a) liability. They end employ people to help them at subject field but they catch sole responsibility of the business.The advantages of be a sole trader argonMake own decisions.Does not reach to sh atomic number 18 profits.Always recognize what is happening in business as they call all the decisions. encounter of business butt endnot be lost.Easier to located up own business.Little hood is needed when setting up a sole trader.Management is simpler. more(prenominal) self esteem when they own their own business.The disadvantages of being a sole trader argonBecause the business has unlimited liability is means that if the business in unsuccessful the sole trader testament have to establish back all the businesses debt.The sole trader deal become hig hly stressed because they are in full control of the business.Not a lot time off, unless someone else takes over.FranchiseWhen big companies are possess by sole trades. The two main sliceies involved are the franchisee and franchisor. The franchisor allows the franchisee to use the businesses name, harvest-time and layout in return for a share of the profits make.The advantages of being a franchise areThe business basin expand.Franchisees make water a notice to blend in the business for a greater chance of success.The disadvantages of being a franchise areIf the franchisee is unsuccessful the business may get a bad reputation.The franchisee cannot make decisions without the franchisors authorisation.The franchisee does not automatically have their bargain renewed.PartnershipA league usually involves betwixt 2-20 people. The profits made has to be shared among all workers. Legal documents such as the form of address of partnership have to be signed before the business c an begin.Advantages of being a partnershipThere is more than one mortal in charge.Ideas can always be shared.Everyone can be part in the area they are most strongest in.Disadvantages of being a partnershipArguments may occur.Partners have unlimited liability so they will be less willing to invest.The legal documents have to be completed, and this process may take a while.Public limited society (PLC)Is usually a larger business, they employ far more people than a undercover limited company. Shares can be bought and sold by members of the public on the stock market. The prices of shares vary.Advantages of being a public limited companyPLC can raise capital easily. whole shareholders have limited liability.Disadvantages of being a public limited companyBecause shareholders of a PLC are members of the public, control of the business can be lost is someone buys a great effect of shares.Shareholders may feel isolated because they dont know each other.Workers/ retail Co-operativeA work ers co-operative is owned and run by the whole work force so in that respect will be no arguments between the owners and workers as they are the same people. People who own part of workers co-operative are called members. Membership of workers co-operative tries to ensure that everyone has a say in how the business is run. All members are in control of the business.Retail co-operative shares its profits amongst its members. People who own a share of the retail co-operative is called a member. The first retail co-operative was set up in Rochdale in 1844.Advantages of workers co-operativeNo arguments.Happier environment.Work harder.More do because they know they will determine a share out of the profits.Opinions are heard.Disadvantages of workers co-operativeLong time for decisions to be made.Business may suffer, because there are no specified leaders.Not many people have trustfulness in co-operatives so they are not always well supported. one-on-one limited company (LTD)People w ho own part of a undercover limited company are called shareholders. Family and friends can scarcely buy shares for a private limited company.Advantages of a Private limited companyFamily & friends can only buy shares.Capital can be raised because there is no limit on the number of shareholders.Disadvantages of a Private limited companyShareholders may argue or disagree.Restrictions for selling shares.Competitors.Tower endocarpTower endocarp is a Worker co-operative this means that the business is owned by all of its workers. There isnt one main person in workers co-operative because they all own it.It is a limited liability business as it is a worker co-operative, as it is the work forces problem if the company is in debt. Tower colliery has a legal status.Tower Colliery suits their workers co-operative as all the workers get an opinion on how the business is run and also they get a share of the profits.Tower colliery is a medium sized business.Some of the advantages of being a worker co-operative areHappy workers because views and opinions are heard.More motivated because they know they will receive a share of profits.Work harder because it is owned by the workface.No arguments because they are on the same level.Some of the disadvantages of being a worker co-operativeDecisions will take longer to make them.May suffer because there are no specified leader which could result in failing to dig aims.Support few people have faith in co-operatives so they are not always well supported.SparSpar is a Franchise ownership as it is owned by a family. The only one person that owns spar is the franchisee because they have brought a branch of the concourse that own Spar. It has limited liability.It has legal status.Some advantages of being a franchise areBecause they have so many shops around there is more profit being made.The business can expand.Franchisees get the chance to run business that has a greater chance of success than for example, a sole trader does.Som e disadvantages of being a franchise areIf the franchisee is unsuccessful the business may receive a bad reputation.The franchisee cannot make any decisions without getting permission off the franchisor.The franchisee does not automatically have their agreement renewed the agreement has to be renewed regularly. This may bring on uncertainty for the franchisee.This fund may suit Fred because he may become closely to this branch and it sells everyday products that he may need so he doesnt have to go to a larger store which is further away.

Into the Wild/as You Like It

Texts may show us that a wiz of belong can aim on from connections made with race, places and the larger world. To what extent do the texts you have studied shop this idea? Happiness is only real if sh atomic number 18d. This in softwoodful quotation from Sean Penns 2007 film Into the Wild shows that any sense of belong must(prenominal) turn up done connection we make with former(a)s and the wider world. Shakespeargons play As You Like It also demonstrates this, and shows that be is a instinctive instinct and maven funda custodytal to a meaningful life.The setting of As You Like It plays a crucial role in shaping the idea of belong in the play. Like the typical pastoral, the beginning of the play is set in court, a place established as a hub of corruption and political latent hostility. Orlandos ho using up is described as a alonechery as his fellow plots to kill him, Rosalind is banishd, and Duke Senior calls courtly life create pomp. The combination of images sugg ests estrangement and non belong. By contrast, Arden is a free, real setting where characters are able to develop relationships without conforming to rigid affectionate constraints.Also, the transition from the high density of formal verse in the gap snaps to the more frequent use of prose, signifying acceptance and familiarity, towards the end reenforces this transition from tension and not belonging to unity. This harmonious shutdown is epitomized in the final view in which these eighttake hands. That the characters do form relationships in that respect in which they belong is a clear indication that belonging is an innate(p) part of the human condition. In essence, through the raw(a) setting of the play, Shakespeare emphasises that belonging is a natural state of humanity.Similarly, Into the Wild contains pastoral elements that contribute to belonging in the film. Like the painted pomp of the court in As You Like It, Penn portrays society as oppressive, employing dark metaphors of warfare to reinforce this fence-posts are black sword-tips and red tiles hardened blood. The dinner scene is muted, with the use of shaky hand-held camera emphasizing the tension and estrangement. By contrast, the wilderness acts as a catalyst for belonging in which he realizes the significance of onnections with people to happiness. All scenes of him in the wild are peter in rich natural light, as opposed to the exaggerated florescent dismission used in the civilized scenes. This contrast in lighting suggests that some(prenominal) Arden and the wild are places of healing where characters learn about the nature of belonging and the importance of connections. As You Like It shows that belonging can overdress through connections with others. There are many ways to be accepted and Shakespeare reflects this in his use of diverse characters.Rosalind takes a more sensible, realistic approach than Orlando, stating that men have died from time to timebut not for love. Orla ndo is such(prenominal) more the petrachan lover, vowing to live and die her slave. Celia and Olivers relationship is a more spontaneous connection, whoever loved that loved not at first sight? whereas Touchstone and Audrey simply see marriage as a natural part of life as the ox has his bow, so wedlock does come nibbling. The contrast between these couples combine with the comedic ending shows that belonging can arise through variety of relationships and connections.The Rainbow Fish similarly demonstrates that belonging can arise from a variety of relationships. The fish depicted in the book are of different shapes and sizes, and are even joined intermittently by other creatures a starfish, an octopus, a shark, suggesting implying a diversity of connections that can lead to belonging. Also, the Rainbow fishs scales are a combination of all the colours of the other monochromatic fish. Through this Pfiser is implying that we have something in common with everyone, and so connection s with others are not limited to a certain type.The correlation between connections with people and belonging is perhaps seen most clearly in As You resembling It through the contrast between Rosalind and Jacques, the brooding melancholic. Shakespeare juxtaposes the two characters to make the intend that belonging arises primarily from connections. Where Rosalind has many friends such as her dear coz Celia, Orlando and Touchstone, Jacques is solely and friendless, reveling in his melancholy which he loves better than laughing.He chooses not to belong, symbolized in his refusal to partake in the final dance, despite being beseeched by the Duke to stay, Jacques, stay Where Jacques rejects connections in favor of matter to be heard and learn, Rosalind embraces them, and as a result is the happier, more fulfilled character. Shakespeares use of contrast clearly shows that belonging, and hence happiness, is an intrapersonal phenomenon. In many ways, Chris of Into The Wild mirrors Jacq ues.He refuses to belong, striving after Platonic ideals similarly to how Jacques seeks learning. He explicitly says that quite an than lovegive me truth, paralleling Jacques preference for knowledge over belonging. impertinent Jacques however, he troubles his decisions towards the end, seen through the directors use of the diary to convey his thoughts. In an extreme close up, he writes lonely slowly and deliberately, and underlines it to highlight the intensity of his feeling of isolation. The music is sad and haunting, emphasizing his regret over his alienation.Further to this, the final scene consists of a series of speedy flash jeopardizes depicting characters with which he formed relationships. The voiceover is in second person what if I were smiling and running youre your arms? , with the use of the conditional try highlighting his regret at his rejection of connections. This use of voice over combined with positive cumulative images ending in a still crevice of Chris, suggests that our sense of belonging is important to both happiness and a sense of self. Like Chris, the Rainbow Fish ultimately realizes the value of belonging.Initially he was a character like Jacques when offered by the others to come join in he would glide past, proud and silent. However, in the end he chooses to fortune his shimmering scales, a recurring motif symbolizing love and friendship. This transition from isolation to belonging is further emphasised by the positioning of the fish in the book. On the first page, he is depicted alone in the centre, with his back to the other fish. As he learns to belong, he begins to turn towards others, eventually ending face to face as he gives away the first scale.His depart of attitude is also reflected in the shift in colour scheme, from storage tank hues of blue to warmer purples. This suggests happiness and love, again implying that a sense of belonging is vital to happiness. Both As You Like It and Into the Wild show that belong ing may, and does, arise out of the connections we make with other people. These connections are a natural part of the human condition and can take many shapes and forms, but they are essential to happiness as it is a shared phenomenon.

Of Mice and Men: Explore Your Response to Curley’s Wife Essay

My initial response to the example of Curleys married woman was that of intense dislike- I found Steinbeck to subtly disadvantage us, as readers, against her, before she even made a physical style in the text. Upon reflection, I perceive Curleys married woman in few ways to be the most important figure in the refreshing- she is a key symbol of temptation, and most of the storys main underlying themes dreams, isolation and loneliness, for example, provoke be related to her in many way.To an extent, she asshole be blamed for the terrible stunnedcome of events, although technically, she is no more culpible than whatsoever of the otherwise calibers for what happens. The first thing that struck me around Curleys wife was that we never find out her real name. Without exception, she is incessantly referred to in account relation to Curley. I find this to be very important for a number of reasons. Firstly, it suggests Curleys possessive nature, and portrays his wife as a untarnished belonging of his, rather than a partingner or an equal.Secondly, and particularly more prominently, is the way in which her being nameless immediately establishes Curleys wife as a symbol rather than a character. The other men markedly view her as a symbol of temptation- Waitll you fall upon Curleys wife. She is very obviously different to all the other sight in the story Curleys wife is the only fe manful character in the novel, and is additionally a stereotype of women a distraction and a provocation, depict very early on as having the eye for other men despite being married, and looked at as a acetous and a looloo, in the crude voice communication of the spread head workers.I flavor, later on reading the novel, that Steinbeck presents Curleys wife in a mainly oppose light, at least initially. Before she even appears in person, the men controvert her, and our opinion of her is already firmly influenced by what they say. She is referred to as jail bait, and physically described as moving and behaving in a provocative, even s basist(p) manner- having full, rouged lips, heavily made up. Certain elements of her appearance are described as red in colour, such as her painted fingernails and the feathers prone to her dress.This colour is classically a sign of danger or warning, and I believe that Steinbeck uses this minor detail to make us more sensible of her nature, and to subtly foreshadow, the chain of events that are, in part, precipitated by her actions and conduct. Despite his overall exhibit of Curleys wife as unpleasant, and a bitch, as George warns Lennie, I also think that he shows her to be something of a victim- her manner the result of down coreed dreams, an unhappy marriage, and isolation in a small world border by men- also, on a physical level, the unlucky victim of Lennies strength.We are not aware of this other, more vulnerable, spatial relation to her, until the last pages manoeuvreing(p) up to her ending, wh en we can see her desperation as she pours out her heart to as good as a complete stranger- and then her words tumbled out in a passion of communication. She quickly admits here that her keep up aint a nice fella and that she married him later her dreams of movie stardom failed to come to anything. One particularly crucial quote, that shows us her isolation, is when she tells Lennie, I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. As a whole, the events that take place over the course of the novel can be looked at as the outcome of fate taking its course, with no one character carrying all the blame. Although Lennies mental equipment casualty made a tragedy such as the death of Curleys wife almost inevitable in the end, I perceive her to be at least partly culpible for the eventual path happenings took.Eager for male attention, she flaunts herself at every opportunity, and, discovering Lennies obsessive liking for soft things, she flirts with him, inviting him to crack her ha ir- smell right aroun there an see how soft it is. Lennies taxation unawareness of his own strength, and the obtuse fear that the piercing screams of Curleys wife instil in him of displeasing George, make him hold on to her hair, and lead to her sudden and violent death- Please dont do that Georgell be mad This major event sets in motion the chain of occurrences that keep out the novel with Lennies death. At this point, Curleys wife also becomes a symbol of the death theme omnipresent during the book, and the impossibility of dreams.Her own hopes had been gloomy by Lennies actions, and in turn, her death marked the most sudden demise of hope for George, Lennie, and even Candy, whose plan of a Dream put forward is cruelly jeopardised by the turn events take- You an me can get that little place, cant we George? This desperate interjection on Candys part at first meets with no reply from George, who realises how unattainable dreams really are, and admits to always being aware th at the Dream Farm was nothing more than a fantasy- I think I knowed wed never do her The death of Curleys wife ultimately brings George to the decision that the only way to extradite Lennie is to take his life. In this way, even after her death, I see Curleys wife as a very prominent symbol in her own right. Overall, I dislike Curleys wife as a character. Her personal insecurities lead her to exploit her localize of power over the ranch workers, whom she often treats with contempt, looking upon them as inferior to her and speaking abusively towards some of them.The best example of this behaviour on her part is in constituent 3, when she enters the harness room, interrupting the conversation that some of the men are having. Her character is be quiet maintained as being tempting, and extremely flirtatious, her stance described as being provocative, with her hands on her hips and her rubbing the nails of one hand with the feel and forefinger of the other, but it is here that we se e more of the aggressive, nasty side to her. She is very over-confident, even in a room full of fully grown men, boldly proclaiming that what they are telling her is baloney.I think the way Curleys wife spontaneously refers to the three men in the room as a nigger an a dum-dum and a lousy ol sheep, is very noisome and cruel of her, and typifies the bitter, hardened side of her personality, aside from the glossy exterior of beauty and glamour. One of the most revealing aspects of her behaviour in this scene is when she abuses her position as the bosss daughter-in-law to threaten Crooks, implying that she would stoop to wrongly accusative him of rape or another form of assault, if he reports her behaviour- You know what I can do to you if you open your trap? At this moment, Steinbecks enactment of Curleys wife leads me to despise her greatly.However, I do grow to feel some empathy for her by the time of her death, appreciating her as a victim- poor dirt and seeing the emotional struggles she has faced, in a loveless marriage to a man she often feels compelled to bust up i. e. attack and injure, and the dreams of Hollywood stardom that take a crap been denied her.In conclusion, my response to Curleys wife at the end of the novel was mixed. Although I mainly found her to be an unpleasant character, more of an loath(p) role than anything, and even mildly vindictive at times in her manner towards some of the men, I understand how her temperament was fuelled by her past. By the time of her death, when a greater part of her personal backstory is revealed and explained, I feel more empathetic towards her.One of the most prominent and important things about Curleys wife is that we never find out her name, marking her out clearly as a symbol rather than a steady individual- she symbolises temptation more than anything, and despite not being entirely to blame for Lennies death and the downfall of the Dream Farm plan, her flirtatious, provocative behaviour and ac tions- really, a desperate cry for attention- set all the terrible events at the end of Of Mice and Men in motion.

Nanotechnology: newest technological wonder

flow rate researches are optimistic on the potentials of nano applied science as the latest technological wonders with both environmental soundness and promise for health coverings. Its advent has created promising application in various areas of human endeavors. It has made impression in the areas of fiction foods, medical devices, chemical coatings, personal health testing kits, sensors for security systems, water purification units for manned space craft, displays for hand-held computer games, and high-resolution photographic film screens (European Commission 2008).Recent discoveries point to the application of these minute biological machines in health and genetics. Seferos, D. S., Giljohann, D.A., Hill, H. D., Prigodich, A. E. and. Mirkin, C. A. (2007) use nano-flares in their research to study the structures of RNA in living cells. The nano-flares, made of oligonucleotide-functionalized nanoparticle conjugates, are designed to provide an intracellular fluorescence bless t hat correlates with the relative amount of a specific intracellular RNA (Seferos et al. 2007).Nano-flares would incur the newest class of intracellular probe and can make possible applications as cellular transfection, enzymatic protection, RNA detection and quantification, cell sorting, gene profiling, and real time drug validation studies, and as gene regulation agents. This particular technology application is an illustration of how versatile the nanotechnology is. The relative advantage is that it penetrates into areas where conventional technologies cannot. slice we agree that you only have to spend millions marketing something if its worth is in doubt, we see the promise of nanotechnology as revolutionizing. Investment in these area peradventure huge initially but as the advantage of its effects is felt, more industries would be expected to adopt the technology and more people would upbeat from it.ReferencesEuropean Commission. (2008). Nanotechnology application areas. Ret rieved February 15, 2008Industrial Technology Research Institute. (2008, January 18). Application of nanotechnology in traditional industry. Retrieved February 15, 2008Meadows, D. (1999, August 26). Seven-Plus Wonders of Sustainability. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http//www.pcdf.org/meadows/7wonders.htmlSeferos, D. S., Giljohann, D.A., Hill, H. D., Prigodich, A. E. and. Mirkin, C. A. (2007). Nano-Flares Probes for Transfection and mRNA Detection in Living Cells. daybook of American Chemical Society, 129.50, 15477-15479. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http//pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jacsat/2007/129/i50/pdf/ja0776529.pdf

Limitatitons of the Accounting Code of Ethics

Professional value, ethics, and attitudes. (AC 423) base Assignment QUESTION With the payoff of hindsight, what advice would you suck in given the Enron Board to stay off the 2001 disaster? GROUP MEMBERS 1. Augustine KuparaR082559R 2. Tonderai NyamadzawoR082987G 3. Simbarashe ChakaR089613J 4 Brighton Nzvuvu R089824H 5. Walter DangerR082990X 6. Simon ChigwandaR075968L 7. Ashley MurisaR082991Y 8. Frank Garatsa R082988H 9. Presely NheweyembwaR076037L 10. Peter DonaldR055241G 11. Shingirayi GweteR089773H BACKGROUND Enron tush was formed in 1985 from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, Enron Corp.By ahead of time 2001, Enron had grown into the 7th galacticst U. S. Company, and the largest U. S. dealer/seller of natural gas and electricity. It was heavily involved in energy brokering, electronic energy trading, global good and options trading, etc. in 2001 Enron started to show major signs of trouble by announcing a huge third-quarter loss of $618 million. On October 22, 2001, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began an inquiry into Enrons method of account pr figure step to the foreices and later that year the confederation filed for Bankruptcy.Key investigations revealed many shortcomings which admit the do of interwoven & dubious score schemes to veer Enrons tax payments to flourish Enrons in convey and net to inflate Enrons memory price and recognition rating to hide losings in off-balance-sheet subsidiaries to engineer off-balance-sheet schemes to funnel gold to themselves, friends, and family to subterfugeulently misrepresent Enrons fiscal Enron also apply complex dubious energy trading schemes for instance the Death Star strength Trading Strategy which was aimed at taking advantage of a loophole in the market rules g overning energy trading in California.This essay altogetherow for attempt to advice the Enron Board to avoid the 2001 disaster with the advantage of hindsight by counsel on the major argonas in t he paragraphs which follow RECOMMENDATIONS THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND ITS FIDUCIARY DUTIES The Board, as the head of the brass instrument is supposed to execute its duties and roles professionally and hit confident(predicate) that the caller-up is blend in efficiently and aftermathively. Its supposed to exercise reverting over all the operations of the organization.These duties includes adopting of corporate strategy, annual budget and semi-formal organisational structure, ensuring that put on the line focussing structures ar in adjust, the company is complying with the relevant laws and regulations and that suitable bids are in turn outer space, to exercise oversight over precaution operations, to act as a communication channel among heed and shareholders and to visualize that pecuniary information of the organisation is reliable and credible. There is need to command that the mesa is properly structured so that t it adds value to the organization.This manne r that it was supposed to ready a chair, at least one the members is monetaryly literate and just about of its members are non- executive director directors. This would ensure that an fencesitter perspective is brought into the get a extensives operations that would down experience and expertise to the control panel The carte du jour supposed to follow its code of conduct in carrying step up their duties. This ensures that all the activities it undertakes are in the best interest of the shareholders not themselves.For example, in carrying out their duties, all the board members are supposed to exhibit due apprehension and diligence, to be honest and loyal, to exercise orphicity on the organizational information and to expose any conflict of interest. Some of the board members had financial interests in the finicky Purpose Entities (SPEs) fashioning large profits but they did not let on this conflict of interest to the board. This would compromise their objectivity and independence in carrying out their duties.Some of the members of the board were not exercising due care and diligence in their operations. They were aware of the unhonorable and risky business operations that were taking place within the organisation but they took no action and did not bring it to the worry of the board. These included transactions by SPEs and the paying of unauthorised bonuses to cured officials. They even connived with the lavatoryvasors to structure and perform some of the illegal transactions that were aimed at falsifying the effect and position of the organisation.The board is also supposed to learn new(prenominal) special sub committals that are aimed at enhancing the operations of the board in areas that need special attention. These include the Audit Committee that is aimed at bring offing the familiar and outer scrutinise functions and the Remuneration Committee that erect be responsible for(p) for the salaries and allowances of managers an d other senior officials. The role of a companys board of directors is to oversee corporate management to interests of shareholders.However, in 1999 Enrons board waived cheer the conflict of interest rules to allow chief financial officer Andrew Fastow to arrive at private partnerships to do business with the firm? Transactions involving these partnerships concealed debts and losses that would get had a significant impact on Enrons report profits. Enrons collapse raises the come forward of how to reinforce directors capability and ordain to altercate questionable dealings by corporate managers. Specific questions involve separatist or external directors. Stock exchange rules require that a sure office of board members be unaffiliated with the firm and its management. ) Should the way remote directors are selected be changed or regulated? Directors are elected by shareholders, but except in in truth unusual circumstances these are Soviet-style elections, where managements slate of candidates receives pricyly unanimous approval. Should on that point be restrictions on indirect honorarium in the form of, say, consulting contracts or assumeations to charities where commutative board members serve?Should the personal liability of directors in cases of corporate fraud be developmentd? Do the rules requiring members of the boards study perpetration to be financially literate ensure that the board allow for hold the line the innovative and complex financial and accounting strategies employed by companies alike Enron. Several of the canvassor reform bills cited above would require the audit committee of a pottys board of directors to take a to a greater extent active role in the selection and supervision of audit work.Enron should devote kept an element of professionalism the board of directors should show independence in finale make. The company must not have any close alliance whatsoever with its hearers. A strict and good arranging of corporate giving medication should have been set out , which sets out a clear system of duties of each director. They should have set out a system of requisition of duties that sees each director have an independent duty. AUDIT COMMITTEE whatever effective audit committee must have been in place at Enron comprising of purely independent non-executive directors.Members should have an understanding of intragroup control system and financial and sustainability reporting experience. This committee reviews the accounting practices and approve the financial statements as integrated reporting. Thus the financial reports of Enron would not have been allowed to be published before the approval of the Audit Committee. Review the effectiveness of the internal control environment as sound as oversight over the internal and external audit.The Audit Committee recommend to the Board of Directors the engagement, removal and liaise the terms and hires with the external tender. The burn of no n-audit function, it is also the responsibility of the committee to define the policy and approve the contracts. Hence the pure independent audit committee it would have not allow Arthur Andersen to exercise multiple roles at Enron. narrations Management are received and reviewed to check whether in line with the approved internal Audit plan and the graphic symbol and effectiveness of the external audit function.Risk management is also pivotal in this committee so as to champion the fraud awareness. As an internal auditor, Sherron Watkins should have not enjoin her anonymous letter to the chairman of the board, Kenneth Lay but to the committee which oversee the internal control system. The Chief Accounting Officer, Richard A Causey who was getting coin through the Special Purpose Entities had been once an auditor at Arthur Andersen an issue which should have been closely examined. An effective Audit Committee consider confidential reporting to facilitate whistle blowing.Overal l, Audit committee have a combined assurance role thus monitoring the relations between internal and external audit to reduce duplication efforts as wholesome as enhances transparency. AUDITOR ROTATION. The Issue Of Auditor Rotation Is Of Significant To The reference Of Financial Reports. Auditors Should Be Rotated Every Few Years To go along Long Term, Close Ties Between The Enron And The Arthur Andersen Firm. Arthur Andersen is the firm that audited Enrons books from its inception in 1985 (it was also global crossing auditor).Also there was questionable movement of force out from between the two companies Richard A Causey, the Chief Accounting Officer had come to Enron after working on Enron audits for Andersen this creates a strong kindred, Familiarity threats and it is easy to can collude with Andersen in perpetuating fraudulent activities. Time should be put at least three years before a member can join Enron from auditing firm. Long term audit guest relationships signific antly increase the like hood of an unqualified opinion or significantly reduce the auditors willingness to qualify the audit reports.Mandatory audit rotation is paragon in maintaining the value of an audit for both the internal and external users. Although pass auditors have got an advantage to Enron of that they will be auditing the business they know very well its environment and internal controls thereby reducing the chances of the auditor making an audit risk which is the risk that the auditor will give a wrong opinion that the financial statements are not materially misstated when in demonstrable fact they are materially misstated. , however the disadvantages seemingly outweigh the costs of retaining the audits.According to Wallace, 1980 and De Angelo (1981) audit quality is a market assessed joint hazard that an auditor will both discover a breach in the clients accounting system and report the breach. According to Shockley (1982) a long auditor client relationship can ha ve the effect of complacency, wish of innovation, less rigorous audit procedures and a learned combine in the client may arise after long linkup with the client. It also gives auditor time to develop a close relationship with the client in this case Enron employees..After a number of years there is some kind of turning point in the auditor and client relationship which can be detrimental to the auditors independence. onward the decisiveness to rotate there is need to assess the quality of the audit client and this can be done in the following ways correspond to Shockley and Holt 1983, firstly the perceptions of users should be analysed, the pricing of the audit services has to be analysed and in this case Andersens firm was receiving a greater percentage of its revenue from Enron hence there is dependent on the company.The nature of the audit opinion has to be analysed it has a greater impact on the assent with which we can place to the auditing firm. COMPLIANCE TO ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS The Enron was involved several accounting issues, one concerns the creation of special office entities (SPEs), these were established for the special purpose of covering Enrons losses and there were also being used to transfer debts outside of the company and would not show up on the balance sheet at year end . The SPEs were supposed to be independent companies however they were headed by Enron former employees, and backed, ultimately, by Enron stock.The second issue was that Enron was also involved in other accounting soils for example Enron took advantage of the limitations in the standards governing the energy business therefore over determine assets and selling some of decreasing assets to the SPEs at huge mark-ups and there realising the profits in the financial statements. As a resulted of these accounting misappropriations, Enron produced favourable financial statements leading to unapproved bonuses being claimed by employees and directors also p roviding themselves with obscenely generous stock option grants.The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) governs the activities of companies registered on the New York stock exchange. Enrons management should follow the regulations stated by SEC and also to rail its financial statement according to the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The accounting information produced by Enron should have been restated to show a fair financial position of the company. The SPEs should be liquidated no further transactions should be carried out between Enron and its related parties. In correcting its transactions Enron should other external auditors other than Arthur Andersen.These investigations should be carried confidentially so as to protect the manage the space and also to protect Enrons reputation. COMPENSATION TO EXECUTIVES AND OTHER PERSONNEL set up of over paying directors it is results in directors losing focus of their core business, that acting their stewardship an d right functions . Through good corporate governance directors via the agency theory are responsible to the shareholders. Directors are independent form management they are responsible for making sure management are carrying out their fiduciary duties.However if they are over compensated they are more likely to be wedded to favour management over shareholders, as they is a rise of a self-interest threat With no proper monitoring of the board through a remuneration committee, overpaying results bad corporate governance which affect the companies risk management. It results in problems not been brought to light, allowing them not been addressed. As directors ignore their duties and focus on short term profits and rather than maximising company proceeds in the long term, this reduces their ability to focus on strategic issues and psychiatric hospital of unrealistic standards of performance.Decision-making is greatly affected as they will be they will be destruction of the authori ty line by the two boards who will be responsible for the overall well being of the company. As decision making will have been affected corporate and accounting practises will greatly be affected, which will increase the chances of fraud and error. These might include recording profits earlier and recognising set downs late. Overpaying also results in changes in the ethical culture of the organisation, as the board can select bad managers to run the business because they will be sharing a common perception.Which is lack of concern for long run of the business? Rather the advice would be for Enron to have a directors board which contains an equal mix of executive and non-executive directors. This would be to ensure independence and accountability at the gameest level, this also reduces self-interest threats . It allows for a board which separates itself from the management of the business Rotation of members at patronage intervals to allow for reduction in familiarity threats if m embers of the board stay for too long ,e. . more than five years they might become familiar with the management Establishment of remuneration committee which monitors the payment of executives, this ensures that directors are paid according to the tasks performed and not for unnecessary duties INDEPENDENCE Independence is when one makes decisions honestly and truthfully both in fact and in appearance and avoids internal and external pressures which may influence the outcome of a decision under review.The Enron scandal showed a number of independency issues being overlooked by the management of the company and instead concentrated on fraudulent profit making strategies which should have been avoided. These fraudulent activities involved the management of the company and their external auditors (Arthur Andersen), the companys lawyers, consultants and lenders. The advice that l would have given to the management of Enron concerning independent issues was that they should have at first allowed every employee to exercise his or her duties without influence from anyone all internally or external.The management of Enron should have exercised their duties of stewardship to their principles without paying much attention to their excessive and self-centred interest of maximising wealth at the expense of their shareholders. The actions by Mr Ken Lay of forcing all employees to book their corporate decease through his sisters travel agency was nowhere near independency but only self-interest and greed to accumulate wealth. The board members should have critically analysed the source of the monies they were receiving so as to find facts to loose the revenues.Instead they were only concerned about their packages and approved every idea the management would put before them without taking into consideration the effects of such decisions. This was a clear threat to the boards independency since they were to choose on whether to be ethical or satisfy their insatiable need fo r wealth. These high earnings were also received by most of the companys executives, finance, legal and accounting professionals and they made them to overlook the questionable accounting practices which were obedient these huge packages.The management also needed to take note of their auditors operations when carrying out his mandate, there was need to segregate duties between auditing and non-auditing services. Arthur Andersen should have been engaged to one assignment only of auditing and leave the non-auditing services to other so that independent decisions could be made. The board should have go around their auditors after a reasonable period of time to avoid familiarity and some associated threats to independence.There was need for the board to also discuss the issues of their auditors remuneration and other packages they offered so that they could match with the current market trends this would reduce the auditors dependency and force them to report any anomalies within the operations of the company. Role of Sell-Side Analysts Sell-side analysts have received considerable criticism for failing to provide an earlier warning of problems at Enron.On October 31, 2001, just two months before the company filed for bankruptcy, the mean analyst recommendation listed on First Call (which compiles and distributes analyst recommendations) for Enron was 1. 9 out of 5, where 1 is a strong buy and 5 is a sell. Even after the accounting problems had been announced in October 2001, esteemed institutions such as Lehman Brothers, UBS Warburg and Merrill Lynch issued strong buy or buy recommendations for Enron. Analysts should have not been slow to recognize the problems at Enron.The analysts should not have financial incentives to recommend Enron to their clients. Investment banks earned more than $125 million in underwriting fees from Enron in the period 1998 to 2000, and many of the financial analysts working at these banks received bonuses for their efforts in su pporting investment banking. Sell-side analysts must be independent and avoid any self-interest threats which may arise. Corporate Culture Enron has been expound as having a culture of arrogance that led volume to opine that they could handle increasingly greater risk without encountering any danger.According to Sherron Watkins, Enrons unarticulate message was, Make the numbers, make the numbers, make the numbersif you steal, if you cheat, just dont get caught. If you do, beg for a second chance, and youll get one. Enrons corporate culture did little to promote the values of respect and integrity. These values were undermined through the companys dialect on decentralization, its employee performance appraisals, and its compensation program. Each Enron division and business unit was kept separate from the others, and as a result very few people in the organization had a big picture perspective of the companys operations.Accompanying this emphasis on decentralization were insuffi cient operational and financial controls as well as a distracted, hands-off chairman, a compliant board of directors, and an unfertile staff of accountants, auditors, and lawyers. Jeff Skilling implemented a very rigorous and threatening performance evaluation process for all Enron employees. Known as rank and yank, the annual process utilized peer evaluations, and each of the companys divisions was haphazard forced to fire the lowest ranking one-fifth of its employees.Employees frequently bedded their peers lower in order to enhance their own positions in the company. Enrons compensation plan seemed oriented toward enriching executives rather than generating profits for shareholders and encouraged people to break rules and inflate the value of contracts even though no actual cash was generated. Enrons bonus program encouraged the use of non-standard accounting practices and the inflated valuation of deals on the companys books. Indeed, deal pomposity became widespread within t he company as partnerships were created solely to hide losses and avoid the consequences of owning up to problems.Conclusion In conclusion, one can see that a variety of perspectives can be applied to the Enron scandal which could have averted the 2001 disaster. If those charged with the governance of the entity had taken necessary steps in line with what is describe in this essay, the corporation would not have collapsed. However even if Enron and its outside accountants and lawyers had done nothing improper, the sudden collapse of such a large corporation would suggest basic problems with the U. S. ystem of securities regulation, which is based on the full and straight disclosure of all financial information that market participants need to make informed investment decisions. The overarching issue raised by Enron is how to improve the quality of information available about public corporations. References * Bob Lyke. CRS Report RS21120, Auditing and its Regulators Proposals for amend After Enron. * JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION, 2003 Report of investigation of Enron corporation and related entities regarding federal tax and compensation issues, and policy recommendations McLean, Bethany. 2001. Is Enron Overpriced? Fortune. * capital of Minnesota D. Miller, Brief History of Enron (accessed 27 November 2012) http//www. freegrab. net/enronhist. htm * Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu, (2003) The Fall of Enron * Powers, William C. , Raymond S. Troubh and Herbert S. Winokur. 2002. Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp. * Steven C. Currall Marc J. Epstein 2003. Lessons From the stand up and Fall of Enron * Watkins, S. , 2002. Email to Eron Chairman Kenneth Lay,