'France and United States Health Care Policy Comparison\r'

' view\r\nThe efficacy of the hearty policies of wellness keeping has nurse a topic of considerable consult. This essay examines the nations of France and the fall in pronounces in ordain to develop better perceptiveness of the similarities and differences to be found in each ashes. The turn up shows that some(prenominal) nations argon attempting to address the alike cut down, finished different regularitys, which in turn argon establish on genial indemnity. This research allow for be of value to any someone studying the lap or settlement theories.\r\n1. Introduction\r\nAs engineering science unfies the world, in that location is a continuous debate on the efficacy of individual hearty policies. This essay assesses and comp ars the wellness wish policies found in the France and the unify States in aim to illust lay the strengths and weaknesses associated with the mathematical operationesThe essay identifies crossing or path dependency supposition i n command to demonstrate how different nations approach the same topics. Suggestions for the prospective will be offered\r\n2. Health Care restitution damages insurance2.1 OverviewHealth deal come on is an pop out that ein truth nation has to address in order to create a stable, profitable essential environment (Fischer and Collins, 2010). Health safekeeping indemnity bottom of the inning be defined as an effort to calm ill- wellness amongst the populate. Although wellness veneration policy is change magnitude, some debate its efficacy (Fisher et al, 2010). This literature suggests that varying societal components including in variationation and acceptance play a incontr overtible use in the establishment of any tender or health handle policy.\r\nIn order to exempt the suppuration of health business organization policy, two theories are normally employed: convergence and path dependency (Dutton, 2007). severally of these methods speaks to the cultural use up to assert a gloss of cultural jar on the development of interior(a) societal institutions such as health share policy. Cnvergence theory is ordinarily tied to the functionalist approach which speaks to the societal anticipations of having to meet requirements in order to survive and keep up to operate (Baldock et al, 2012). The essence of this view associates an increase in industrialization with the coinciding resemblance to opposite already industrialized nations. This suggests that these organizes of nations learn from and adapt other countries policies in order to enhance their own development. Alternately, the path dependency theory denotes a ‘history matters’ approach, that states future complaisant decision and influences are constrained and base on past practices (Baldock et al, 2012). Prior decisions have a passing impact on future actions, this method of development often beats is relegated to the already present institutions that society embraces. This translation of alternative development models indicates a defined kindly impact to any form of policy institution, not the least of which becomes health parcel out and e realday cosmos well-being.\r\nBoth the united States and France will be assessed for their health bang policy approach, seeking to Understand whether the convergence or dependency models is more than influential.2.1.1 Health Care Policy FranceThere has immense been a public policy approach in France (Hantrais, 2010). There is a commonly held belief a home(a)ly subsidized health wish well system provides a methodfd keeping the world healthy (Hantrais, 2010). With a consistent pattern of leadership in the industry, providing a consistent and strong health care France has illustrated a convergence/functionalist approach to the health care have a go at it, often citing their system as a model for other nations (Marmot et al, 2012). In more shipway this evidence speaks to the fact that a healthy existence enables increased follow and opportunity to social benefits by reducing health care costs and increasing outlay in other areas.\r\nFrance as a European nation is marked by a larger than fair ratio of health spending in so far remains a lot less(prenominal) than their counterpunch disrupts in the West spend on health care(Marmot et al, 2012). Alongside this popular national game relievos that the fact that the population is largely healthy with a fair(a) life span two geezerhood more than the rest of the word (Marmot et al, 2012). . The French is to carry on cost by implementing a system of premium health care mystifys that are directly associated with a person’s income (Rodwin, 2003). This is a targeted policy that seeks to strain indemnification as affordable as doable in order to ensure that that each person has admission fee. Further, this limits opportunities for the insurance industry to ad bonnie rates unfairly or at a disadvantag e to accepted conditions or participants (Rodwin, 2003). This element of control bring forths out-of-door more than of the powerfulness for companies to overly profit from the insurance market.\r\nWith the French system taking on the burden of the majority of medical expenses th shingly a system of reimbursement, the average citizen’s ability to sustain health insurance is exalteder (Rodwin, 2003). This protection is enhanced and extended to the people who direct healthcare the most, making the issue of major illness very much more shell outable on the scotch and social front. Due to the tonus of frequent healthcare in France, there are very low levels of common soldier insurance, a advertize meter reading of the capacitance for this system to not only manage cost but provide efficient and rock-steady care (Marmot et al, 2012). With a public system in place,the penury for private insurance in significantly sinkd, further ensuring less expense for the aver age citizen.\r\nFrance possesses a well-developed system of independent and public hospitals (Rodwin, 2003). This wide ranging access to care has been credited with further enhancing the overall rate of health and usefulness in the nation. Yet, the diverse carriage of health care oversight has been cited as an issue (Marmot et al, 2012). With nearly fifty different regulatory agencies to love with, each faculty has to negotiate an ever-changing environment, which provides a serious challenge to many institutions. A further problem is the rising influence of the pharmaceutical industry, design on generating profit rather than being come to with benefiting the people of France (Clarke and Bidgood, 2013). With prescription charges payable, there is anarea of concern Regarding affordability of medicine.\r\nIn summary public health care in France is a nationally subsidized system that reimburses out of pocket patient expenses, based on that person’s rate of income. With a co nvergent form of policy that seeks to make the French system a global model, the high quality of care denotes a degree of success. However, the high rate of standard serves to deject many of the plus elements of the policy. The French system has offered other nations a model of healthcare promising to stifle sickness, thereby decreasing underlying societal cost. In France, there is evidence that health policy remain firms citizens during propagation of sickness or injury.2.1.2 Health Care Policy linked StatesThe healthcare system in the unify States has long been an area of contention within the nation, commonly resulting in politically partisan fighting that diminishes the ability for any system to function (Hoffman, 2008). With the ascension of a liberal regime in the United States, the naked-fangled past has witnessed a shift away from the individual, less regulated, insurance market to a form of commonplace health care with far more federal official ruler. The priva te market controls the health care insurance market, making the need for supplementary services high in order to meet every expectation (Hoffman, 2008). With the rising cost of health care and a general lack of productive policy, the shift away from the strictly private system has been a rough evolution for many in the United States. With a standing of 50th in the world foro effective health care policy as rated by the OECD there seems to be a suggestion thathe US system has begun to change to match other models, actively incorporating the convergent theory and seeking to emulate the positive health trends Found elsewhere. (Palmer, 2014),\r\nThere are denary levels of regulatory oversight in the US system of health care (Gulliford and Morgan, 2010). This is a reflection of the national and state level authorities that commonly find themselves at odds with one another. With this abundance of regulation there is substantial paperwork (Hoffman, 2008). Evidence suggests that there is a potential for politics to play a single-valued function in the policy making efforts of healthcare. This opportunity for assoil at the expense of the national system is often attributed to the wellbeing of the very people that need it most, the lower earners and single mothers. US federal oversight is conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services, which ensures that the appropriate complaisance guidelines are followed by states (Gulliford et al, 2010). This section of governement oversees procedures from county/state level to the national level. In this manner the integration of State and Federal concerns can serve to attention in the implementation of health care policy end-to-end the nation. Yet, it also seems to be the case that there is a potential for conflict among policy makers, leading to a poorer service\r\nMedical professionals in the US are licensed under the American Medical Association, with an aim of ensuring a high quality of care and bond certificat e to ethical guidelines (Kominski, 2011). . It has been suggested that the US private system is commonly influenced by the presence of rich or well to do patients or donors (Palmer, 2014). This knowledge seems justified, as the shell performing doctors are often unavailable to the average US citizen, thereby creating an unintentional division of care which is reflected in the life prevision numbers. Yet, this is a manifestation of the convergent theory at work in the functionalist US society, as the recognition of expanded need becomes apparent; public policy was created to address the issue.\r\nIn summary The health care policies found in the United States have been shown to be rated as concur by the international community. Before the shift to the everyday joint care subsidized by the nation, the gap among rich and poor in terms of healthcare had widened. Many people lacked health insurance. In order to address this, recent liberal policies found in the US were formulated but have been much debated. It can be suggested that new policies have succeeded in lowering the rate of people without healthcare insurance, thereby beginning the effort of increasing the health of the population in general. Yet, the regulatory environment found in the healthcare system in the US is often counter-productive. Further, this every area of contention has led to a gap of states that have accepted the new ordinary care and those that have not, decreasing the impact that they policies have on a considerable number of citizens.2.3 ComparisonThe health care policies found in France in the United States share many similarities as well as considerable differences. For example, the French tradition of seeking social remedies to health issues is sharply differed from the American approach of ‘goes it unaccompanied’ fundamentalism (Flynn, 2010). In many cases the expectation that everyone must take care of themselves has led the US health care system to sharply di fferent levels of care in regions, largely based on the underlying income factors of the residents. Conversely, France has long sought to provide a balanced method that seeks to present a useable model to the rest of the world (Fisher et al, 2010). This is outmatch illustrated by the life expectancy rates found in the US of 78.4 and 81.3 in France (Fisher et al, 2010). With numbers supporting the success factors in France over the prior efforts in the US, the American shift to the more oecumenic system is considered a convergence with red-brick examples such as France leading the way.\r\nA factor that both systems share is the high quality of physicians and practitioners that are involved in health care (Palmer, 2014). turn the French system is primarily publicly own and supported, the US policy regularized that many of their institutions are privately owned and operated, presenting further considerations during the transition to universal health care in this nation. This same issue presents itself as a difference between the social policies as the French doctors are p supporter advantageously less than their American counterparts (Palmer, 2014). Yet, the French approach to this issue was to make subsequent education and associated services at large(p) to those in the medical profession, thereby reducing the need for the extravagant wages that many experience in the West (Guilliford et al, 2010). This same measure of policy support is yet absent in the American system, which makes a considerable difference as to where and how a scholarly person can learn and practice. This literature suggests that there is a need to make expenses of the medical learning process reduced in order to present a method of paying fair wage thereby allowing the entirety of the population to receive the same quality of care, regardless of financial prepare or social standing.\r\nThe spending levels for medical needs in the United States far outweigh those experienced in Fren ch system, demonstrating effective policy (Palmer, 2014). In part collectible to the rapidly rising cost of health care, the American system was forced to shift to a universal policy in order to slow the impact that this substantial cost on the overall economic outlook for the nation. With both nations providing a social policy of immediate emergency care, there was a far-flung perception in the US that this would alleviate much of the lower class medical issues, yet, conversely, this phenomena of utilizing emergency care for routine care served to drastically increase the need for funding from the national level, thereby prompting new policy modelled on systems including the UK and Canada (Palmer, 2014). This is in contrast to the French model, which involves more spending per citizen, but has shown positive carrying into action in response to spending levels.\r\nThe United States policy of health care has a compulsory insurance mandate this is designed to ensure that each citize n has insurance (Palmer, 2014). Conversely, the French system utilizes a series of reimbursements based on wages in order to bring home the bacon the same medical services. In some ways, the perception of the US system has been cited as a form of increased taxation on the healthy, with these views stating that they are supporting the poor of the nation. Despite the strength of health care available in the United States, until recently there was a marked increase in the value, with many of the citizens putting off routine care in favour of waiting for emergency, which in turn high-minded health costs of every level (Palmer, 2014). However, France overcame this issue by establishing oversight panels that ensure that fair access is assured and that the population has access to the same general level of care.\r\nA common component of both nations health care policy is the multiple layers of bureaucrats and agencies that dictate policy (Flynn, 2010). Both nations cite the need to reduc e the layers of oversight in order to streamline the process, which would in theory reduce administration costs and aid the both nation and industry. In a very real manner, this evidence suggests that the long term capacity to develop a working system will be found by taking the best of the existing structures and using these as a stern for growth.\r\n3. Conclusion\r\nThis essay has examined the social policies of France and the United States in the field of health care in order to evaluate and compare their offerings. The evidence presented illustrates a position of French strength through communal action. With proven records supporting the reduction in health issues, opening in life expectancy and overall positive implementation there is a model for progress. Alternately, the private system once favored in the United States has evolved to a more UK or Canadian ardour system that requires consumer participation. This recognition and development on the part of the American nation is deemed an example of the convergence/functionalist theory with the country seeking to alleviate many of the social health issues by implementing a system similar to other nations. An area of weakness demonstrated in both societies that have the potential to raise issues in the future is the presence of an over regulated system. With so many different agencies responsible for the oversight and regulation of the same industry, there is a need to unionise and simplify the process in order to aid both the consumer and the provider. Further, this area is prone to political fancy or bias, which in turn has a direct impact on the quality of care and policy that develops.\r\nIn the end, the social policy of health care has been deemed of critical import for both France and the United States. Yet, just as the nations are culturally unique yet share traits, so too will the health care issue, with both nations seeking to address the same issue though slightly differing means. Only time w ill judge which has been the better approach.\r\n4. References\r\nBaldock, J., 2013. Social policy. maiden ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity.\r\nDutton, P., 2007. Differential diagnoses. maiden ed. Ithaca: ILR Press/Cornell University Press.\r\nFeldstein, P., 2012. Health care economics. 1st ed. New York: Wiley.\r\nFisher, K. and Collins, J., 2010. Homelessness, health care, and welfare provision. 1st ed. London: Routledge.\r\nFlynn, N., 2010 Social Policy, fiscal problems & economic execution of instrument in France, United Kingdom & Germany. London, 1(1). pp. 65-100.\r\nGulliford, M. and Morgan, M., 2010. Expanding access to health care. 1st ed. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.\r\nHantrais, L., 2010. French social policy in the European context. Modern & Contemporary France, 3(4), pp.381â€390.\r\nHoffman, B., 2008. Health care clear up and social movements in the United States. American journal of public health, 98.\r\nKominski, G., 2011. Changing the U.S. health care syst em. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.\r\nMarmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R. and Goldblatt, P., 2012. Building of the global movement for health equity: from Santiago to Rio and beyond. The Lancet, 379(9811), pp.181â€188. others, 2012. Health, United States, 2011: with special gas on socioeconomic status and health. National gist for Health Statistics (US).\r\nPalmer, K., 2014. A Brief History: Universal Health Care Efforts in the US | Physicians for a National Health\r\nProgram. [online] Pnhp.org. Available at: [Accessed 19 Apr. 2014].\r\nRodwin, V., 2003. The health care system under French national health insurance: lessons for health reform in the United States. American Journal of commonplace Health, 93(1), pp.31â€37. Sauret, J., 1997. Information systems in healthcare Situation in France. Health Cards’ 97, 49, p.27.\r\n'